This report outlines the progress and plans of the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, a group created by the Higher Education Act amendments of 1986. The report describes the Title IV programs and discusses the four issues which dominated the first two years: a new need analysis formula, multiple data entry, institutional lending in the Stafford Loan Program, and rising student loan defaults.

This report identifies issues and presents recommendations for the consideration of Congress in the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act and Title IV Programs as explored by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance in 1989 and 1990. Three problem areas are uncovered: (1) Federal efforts to promote access to Higher Education have stalled, (2) the delivery system and application process are too complex and present a barrier, (3) the Department of Education’s ability to acquire, access and analyze data have deteriorated.

This report summarizes participation levels for awards made by Alaska’s five postsecondary financial assistance programs during 1987-88. Descriptions include undergraduate and graduate loans, student exchange awards, need-based grants and teacher scholarships.

This is a summary of information about the Alaska Student Loan Program, including the program’s purpose, loan application procedures, repayment schedules and an explanation of student loan statutes and regulations.

This study analyzes the experience of existing higher education student loan programs in developing countries in order to understand their role in fostering cost recovery. It proposes that dollars should be targeted to the most needy and able students. Income contingent loans are also discussed.

A study prepared by the Tennessee Higher Education Commission and the Tennessee Student Assistance Corporation. Comments were solicited from institutional and governing board staff and student financial aid officers. Priority areas and recommendations were: encourage minorities to enroll in teacher education programs; provide financial aid through state-funded work study programs; provide financial incentives for academic achievement; reduce dependency on loans to finance college education; and expand dissemination of information on existing financial aid programs.

The author challenges the no-need scholarship award system, asserting that merit scholarships are unnecessary. He presents solutions and modifications for the system, and explains the role of college admissions personnel.

This paper seeks to broaden our knowledge and understanding of black student experiences in U.S. higher education over the past 20 years. Toward this end, I analyze black student enrollment/earned degree trends in the state of Michigan during the 1965-80 period; examine the institutional experiences of black students who enrolled as freshmen at the University of Michigan between 1975 and 1983; and assess the correlates of access, adjustment, and achievement of 700 black college students who attended six predominantly white public institutions in 1981.

Partial contents: The missing element: Hispanics at the top in higher education, by Leonard A. Valverde; Hispanic dreams/American dreams: In search of a new heritage, by Robert Coles; Anticipating the demographic future: Dramatic changes are on the way, by Leobardo F. Estrada; The Hispanic pipeline: Narrow, leaking, and needing repair, by Cheryl Fields; The undergraduate Hispanic experience: A case of juggling two cultures, by Edward B. Fiske; Making it in a majority university: The minority graduate’s perspective, by Elizabeth Fisk Skinner and Richard C. Richardson, Jr.; Hispanic students continue to be distinctive; Making a meaningful impact: Hostos President Isaura Santiago.

Examines data on undergraduate, graduate, and professional school enrollment from 1976 to 1980, and from 1980 to 1984. Overall, the most serious declines have been experienced by blacks, and while Hispanics have made gains, of the major ethnic groups, they remain the least represented in higher education.

Contents: Editorial, by Theodore Marchese; College costs, by Michael O’Keefe; Who should pay for college and when?, by Michael McPherson; Living on credit, by Martin Kramer and William Van Dusen; Alternatives to borrowing, by Janet Hansen; The price of college shaping students’ choices, by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Two short comments present a "point" and "counterpoint" on this question.

The 1989 policy statement advocates changes involving eight issues. The three receiving the most emphasis are educational opportunity and achievement, higher education finance and policy, and community and economic development.

Partial contents: Higher education and the public interest, by Gary H. Quehl; Budget blues for the nation’s colleges and universities, by Robin Jenkins; What ever happened to the college enrollment crisis, by Paul E. Harrington and Andrew M. Sum; Can we afford equity and excellence? Can we afford less?, by Niara Sudarkasa.

Estimates are provided in three tables covering undergraduates in three categories of aid applicants, using Congressional Methodology for the 1989-90 academic/award year. Tables are presented for dependent students, independent students without dependents, and independent students with dependents.

Examined are the characteristics of family financial decision-makers most concerned about financing higher education. Results are presented by age, gender, household income, and comparison with other concerns, such as retirement costs and care for aged parents.

Three tables compare financial aid applicants from 1974-75 to 1989-90 by year in school, dependency status, program level, gender, marital status, family size, and income. The national norm statistics were derived from 10 percent random samples of all applications sent to ACT beginning January 1 and ending between July 1 and August 25 of each year.

Partial contents: Minorities in higher education: Confronting a time bomb, by Reginald Wilson and Manuel J. Justiz; Declines in minority access: A tale of five cities, by Gary Orfield and Faith Paul; Recruiting wars: Can higher education compete with the military?, by William E. Cox and Catherine C. Jobe.

This report describes the status of the Pell Grant program based on the latest available data as of December 1990, and analyzes the growth of the program, the impact of major legislative changes, and characteristics of the recipients.

This is a handbook for students, parents, and counselors on financial aid for postsecondary education. Included are sources of assistance for veterans and their dependents, as well as scholarships and other forms of financial aid available to all students.

There are a number of reasonable explanations why the growth of college costs exceeds that in other economic sectors. How higher education has avoided market and/or legislative discipline is unclear, but the growth in debt cannot continue, and colleges and universities will be called on for efficiency and productivity.

The current high rate of tuition inflation and the low rate of savings by parents for future college costs is fueling interest in tuition prepurchase plans that guarantee the price of college years in advance.

This book presents papers from a national symposium conducted by the Forum for College Financing, offering a perspective on how higher education institutions will finance their operations in the future and the challenges that lay ahead.

Even though the high school graduation rate for blacks is at an all-time high, there is a definite downward trend in the number of black students pursuing baccalaureates.

Article asserts that cost recovery of educational expenditures should be allowed so that the tax law’s definition of taxable income will be improved.

Tests that, for decades, have been a means of equalizing access for students from varying economic background have more recently been perceived as a means of denying access.

This article reports the development of two computer models, one mainframe, the other microcomputer, which are intended to maximize financial aid awards to disadvantaged students. The models recognize the tendency of students from low-income and minority backgrounds to apply for assistance late in the funding cycle, and permit institutional aid administrators to project the amount of aid needed by such students and to plan for an adequate inventory of funds to accommodate their needs.

A "side-by-side" analysis of student loan alternatives that examines program goals, costs, source of starting capital, potential beneficiaries (students and/or parents), range of loan sizes and repayment, payback methods, default prevention strategies, and other criteria. Proposals were submitted by members of the higher education community and members of the U.S. House and Senate.

NIICU’s Task Force on Minority Participation in Independent Higher Education has prepared five booklets with recommendations for campus practice and policy toward underrepresented groups in higher education.

NIICU and the Foundation for Independent Higher Education (FIHE) surveyed 946 independent colleges and universities to collect data on partnerships with elementary and secondary schools. The survey found 361 of these colleges had at least one partnership in place. This report presents an overview on partnership goals, funding sources, postsecondary institutions involved, etc.

An update of the publication "Independent Colleges and Universities: A National Profile." This document addresses various institution-related issues, such as trends in institution revenues and expenditures, quality of faculty, and enrollment trends. The report also looks at financial aid, demographic characteristics of enrolled students, and degree completion rates.

Looks at some of the data on black performance on standardized tests and trends on the factors that affect that performance.

An economic analysis of the British Government’s 1989 proposal for "Top Up Loans" for students, with analyses of alternatives such as a graduate tax or national insurance-linked income contingent loans.

With need-based financial aid creating differences in the net prices that students pay, private colleges have implemented a system of cost sharing among students’ families. This article provides an analysis of the cost sharing that occurs as a result of college-funded grants.

Analysis of equity considerations arising from recent policy initiatives designed to encourage family savings for college.

The authors contend that merit scholarships hurt needy students and should not be awarded to non-needy students just to bolster declining enrollments. The work includes tables, notes and references.

Rising defaults on student loans have shifted focus to saving for college, rather than borrowing. Congress must balance the demands of the middle class with the funding needs of poor families.

This report describes the results of a mail survey of borrowers repaying their student loans. Opinions were given on debt burden, repayment impact on economic behavior, and the role of student loans in institutional access and choice.

Discussion paper. Institute for Research on Poverty; No. 846-87.

A report that examines the distribution of direct and indirect subsidies to students in public and private sectors of postsecondary education. Updated NPSAS data are used to compare the amounts of subsidies to students by income levels.

A report that describes the philosophy of Total Quality Management (TQM) as defined by W. Edward Demings, and explanation of its application to the educational environment.

This study focuses on the characteristics of a nationally representative sample of Stafford borrowers who have defaulted on their loans. Examined is the relationship between five independent variables: institutional type, adjusted gross income, dependency status, years of schooling, enrollment status, and program completion.

Equality of opportunity is a widely shared goal, embraced by some as a means of achieving a more equal distribution of wealth, income, or earnings and by others as an end in itself. In this paper we focus narrowly on one component of equality of opportunity: Equality of access to resources for financing college education.

The Congressionally-appointed Belmont task force analyzed the current problems of the student loan program to determine whether the program still measures up to its original social purposes, and explored the issue of defaults.

The goal of this study was to assess selected characteristics of student aid administrators who held the highest ranking student aid position at the institution. The data revealed that the salaries of chief financial aid administrators are significantly related to the length of experience in student financial aid administration and the educational level of the administrator. Those with the most years of experience and the highest level of education earn the highest salaries. The data also raise questions about whether minorities and females earn salaries comparable to white males with the same levels of education and length of experience.

This report attempts to clear up some misunderstandings about economic forces behind tuition hikes. Price is what students pay in tuition and fees to attend college; cost is what colleges pay to provide education.

Cost-related tuition can increase efficiency in higher education and in the labor markets it serves. It can also provide fiscal gains for individual institutions, depending on the enrollment demands facing them. We explain cost-related tuition and its possible effects and describe one institution’s experience in implementing this policy.

This paper explores the experience of the State of New Jersey with first rising and, then, decreasing default claims during the 1980’s. Actions of the Congress, U.S. Department of Education, and the state either contributed to an increase in student loan default claims or contributed to a reduction in defaults. Factors examined include loan volume; grace period changes; the roles of national guarantors, schools, and lenders; collection activity; loan defaulter characteristics; and state intervention.

Discusses parental influence in college choice process, particularly in terms of considering community colleges as alternative. Argues that there is too little importance given to college choice making, that parents are more significant in the process than assumed, and that community colleges deserve and will receive increasingly more attention during college choice process.

This article examines the administration of student financial aid programs at institutional and state levels. Drawing on the results of a project in Florida, the authors argue that a statewide evaluation involving institutional financial aid administrators, system-level individuals, and others may promote changes beneficial to students and administrators.

Higher tuition coupled with more financial aid for those in need is more equitable than the low-tuition model where rich and poor pay the same tuition. Higher education, particularly public higher education, should be collaboratively financed by all those who benefit: Federal government, the states, business, students, graduates, and families.

A proposal written by a group of economists suggests investing a portion of the Social Security surplus in a revolving loan fund designed to enable American students and workers to finance their own post-secondary education, vocational training, or re-training. The plan would make available to every American a line of credit to finance the costs.

In 1992, the Board of Governors of the California Community Colleges held a special study session on how the system should respond if resources were not sufficient to fund the colleges’ role within the Master Plan for Higher Education. This report summarizes testimony provided during the session, which focused on the following themes: college mission, access, enrollment priorities, governance, and finance.

This article describes research on student loans done at Sweet Briar College, a small, private women’s college in central Virginia. The authors present an example of the kind of cooperative research and analysis that is possible at a small college. Their research, like the loan attitude research conducted on a national population by NASFAA in 1985, and at Washington University in 1987, demonstrates a positive attitude toward student loans by alumni.

The Pell Grant program is the largest in terms of Federal appropriations of the Federal student aid programs authorized under title IV of the High Education Act as amended. Its purpose is to help low income undergraduate students finance their postsecondary education. Reauthorization issues pertaining to the Pell Grant program include adequate funding levels, proposed entitlement status, and proposed changes in the determination of need for Pell Grant aid.

Contents: Introduction and assessment; The economic effects of government credit; Credit for housing; Credit for business; Credit for agriculture; Student loans; Accounting and budgeting for credit programs; New directions in government credit.

The complex rules and regulations of the student financial aid industry have alienated and confused both students and parents, especially those from lower income families. Unless simplified, the financial aid application process will continue to act as a deterrent to participation in the U.S. educational system. The paper also argues for an improved need analysis formula and a reversal of the trend toward more loan and less grant in student aid packages.

A review of issues surrounding the MIT Anti-Trust case and the "Overlap" group.

This paper espouses no particular reform package; instead, its purpose is to set a context for the debate by reviewing the history of GSL since its creation in 1965, together with the changes in the economy and in higher education that have occurred over that time. While many of those involved in the policy process are familiar with this history, others are not, and it is hoped that all may benefit from a review that links GSL to changes in the educational and economic context.

A review of all state financial aid programs and recommendations for major program revisions. Many of the recommended changes were passed by the Maryland legislature in 1991.

Presents the methodology and results of the weighting adjustment for students not enrolled in the fall and therefore not represented in the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) sample. Academic year estimates produced with the adjusted weights are compared with NPSAS fall estimates and with data from other sources, such as federal financial aid program estimates and reports.

Analyzing six years of default records at a guaranty agency, the article examines some of the characteristics of student loan borrowers who default. This analysis revealed an increase in the number of borrowers who defaulted as well as an increase in the amounts of those unpaid loans, indicated a higher risk of default for those who borrowed less than $2,500 cumulatively, and consumer information activities that were helpful in curtailing defaults.

The author maintains that postsecondary education is available to everyone, despite rising costs. Institutions should help inform parents about costs and assist them with financial management and exploring their options.

Statistics collected during the 1989-90 school year are provided concerning the tuition and fees, and the room and board charges required of full-time students at nearly 4,000 colleges within the United States. The report is intended to provide an indication of what a typical student should expect to pay to attend college and is designed for comparative purposes only.

This aid for students, parents, and guidance counselors offers information in tabular form on tuition and room and board charges, based on data collected during the 1988-89 school year from more than 4,000 public and private colleges and universities.

Administrators, faculty, student services staff and students express their views about "no-need" scholarships. Data are presented, trends discussed and implications are considered.

The study examined barriers to education perceived by a sample of 119 students aged 25 and over attending small private liberal arts colleges in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The study lists the most frequent barriers, the types of students who had these barriers and some recommended solutions.

A study using a national sample of 1,375 college students attending public 4-year institutions tested hypotheses concerning economic and non-economic variables on college persistence. Findings indicate financial variables moderate the effect of goal commitment on persistence. Implications for theory and for financial aid policy are explored.

The focal point of this article is a model antitrust policy for a college or university directed toward financial aid, tuition, and faculty salaries. It does not cover every area where a school could run into antitrust difficulties, but provides a beginning for developing an antitrust policy for any educational institution.

Examines the reasons for increasing college costs.

Presented are many aspects of student employment of traditional college students during 1980-84. Included are data on hourly earnings, kinds of jobs, numbers of hours worked per week, and the relationship of work to persistence in college.

Two areas covered are characteristics of students enrolled in vocational and technical programs and rates of attaining licenses, certificates, associate degrees, and other degrees. The four institutional types are proprietary schools, private not-for-profit schools, public two-year colleges, and public institutions with less than two-year programs.

This report presents the latest available data on the progress of African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and American Indians in postsecondary education. This year’s special focus is on high school completion and college participation patterns of low-income and middle-income African American and Hispanic youth. It was not possible to include Asian Americans and American Indians for the aforementioned reasons. Our analysis reveals precipitously low rates of high school completion for low-income students, particularly low-income Hispanic and African American males. The data also reveal a major decline in the college-going rates of both low- and middle-income African American males between the ages of 18 and 24, as well as significant declines for low-income Hispanics.

This report examines available data on the progress of Hispanics, American Indians, Asian Americans, and African Americans in higher education. Its scope is mainly descriptive: it presents data on both the college participation rates and head count enrollments of different racial and ethnic groups.

Commentary on the issue’s feature article, "Toward the Use of a Single Need Analysis (or Virtue May Be More Than Its Own Reward)" by Frederick J. Fischer.

Commentary on the issue’s feature article, "Toward the Use of a Single Need Analysis (or Virtue May Be More Than Its Own Reward)" by Frederick J. Fischer.

This position paper discusses the condition of postsecondary education in the U.S., focusing on student loan programs and how schools can work with the U.S. Department of Education to reduce the high student loan default rate.

Article provides six general principles on retrenchment of higher education as well as new strategies and tactics.

As part of the congressionally mandated Higher Education Cost Study, a Higher Education Survey (HES) was conducted to provide reliable national estimates on the financial condition of higher education and the sources of tuition increases as perceived by financial officers at higher education institutions. The report lists their reasons for rapid tuition increases and their frustrations with not being able to raise more revenue.

Testimony is presented concerning the financial burden the United States government is expected to endure from the billions of dollars in loans it has guaranteed (and continues to guarantee) for business, education, housing, and other purposes, many of which are in areas now experiencing economically hard times. The testimony discusses predicting potential areas of loan defaults and ways of maximizing the collection of guaranteed loans once they have been terminated by grantor lenders.

Colleges and universities must become aware of the growing number of students who are mothers, considering programs and policies enabling them to combine and cope with the demands of academics, home, and work. Needs of these students include improved programs, schedules, child care, financial aid, housing, and support systems.

The issue of inter-generational transfers is addressed in the context of how families finance college education. Two aspects of the problem are examined: the extent of parental support, and when the funds are allocated, i.e. from earlier saving, from current income or in the form of loans to be repaid in the future.

The author reviews the matter of selling student loans from the perspective of an agency whose purpose is to purchase and service these obligations.

This study investigates the impact of sources of financial aid and their relationship to college choice. The importance of financial aid sources is contrasted to the college selection process and the findings indicate some different conclusions than have been obtained utilizing freshman surveys. The value of utilizing alumni responses is discussed and several implications for financial aid officers are presented in terms of financial aid packaging.

Contents: Why are college charges rising?, by Arthur M. Hauptman; Paying for college: a new look at family income trends, by Frank Levy; Keeping college within reach: five strategies to help the disadvantaged, by Herman B. Leonard; Student financial aid, by Janet S. Hansen.

Provided are College Board guidelines for prepayment plans resulting from the 1987 Invitational Conference on College Prepayment and Savings Plans.

This report analyzes key student financial aid need issues in preparation for the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act, including outlines of the problems and questions for consideration. For many issues, it makes proposals for change.

This paper discusses each of the need analysis issues that CSAP (Council on Standards of Ability to Pay) believes should be addressed during the next reauthorization of the Higher Education Act.

Lists costs at 3,100 colleges and universities, typical expenses, and financial aid sources.

A step-by-step audit program for implementing the U.S. Department of Education’s Audit Guide. Includes procedures for general provision and specific program compliance requirements.

Hispanics, Asians, and native Americans, as well as blacks, struggle against racism deeply rooted in the universities. It starts when they apply for admission and financial aid, continues in the classroom, and extends to daily life on campus.

The professional practice of financial aid administration can be improved through a better understanding of the student clientele for whom aid administrators work. This article presents and overview of two development theories and suggests interventions for improving financial aid services through an application of those theories.

This handbook on the administration of graduate student financial support offers advice on the development and administration of fellowships, assistantships, and loan programs. Also provides detailed descriptions of the factors that affect these programs, particularly those involving the relationship between the federal government and universities.

The authors discuss the legislative history, agenda, accomplishments and plans of the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. Assessing its first year of operation, the paper covers the Advisory Committee’s work in the areas of delivery of student aid, especially regarding multiple data entry servicers (MDEs), and suggested reforms in aid processing and the MDE contract procurement system. Numerous Advisory Committee recommendations for reform are reviewed.

In this article, the author examines the rationale for an income tax exemption for scholarships, focusing on the fact that including scholarships in the income tax base is inappropriate because scholarship recipients may not receive actual value at the time they receive the scholarship and scholarships may simply equalize endowments between individuals. She argues that even if scholarships should be included in the tax base, they should nevertheless be given preferential treatment in the Tax Code.

Looks at lessons the United States can learn from the ways other countries help students finance their college educations.

This cooperative education survey of student employee salaries and benefits supplies information to educational practitioners interested in providing their student employees with reasonable and fair remuneration for their work. Two questionnaires were used, one for bachelors’ degree programs and another for associate degree programs.

The author suggests that tuition and financial aid should not be considered as separate entities. State higher education agencies are urged to refine the connection between existing tuition and financial aid policies.

This article describes research done at Central Missouri State University on the effects of part-time campus employment on first semester freshman grade point averages, credit hours earned, and second semester retention rates.

A study of Florida state policy and practices regarding graduate fee waivers and stipends, including the historical development of waivers and stipends, comparison with other states, tax implications and recommendations. An additional "Technical Report" provides supporting data and analysis used for the study.

An analysis of student financial aid administration in Florida state universities and community colleges including staff organizational structure, number, classification, compensation and workload requirements.

This report finds that the cumulative student loan debt of students who attended Florida State Universities was not excessive, relative to the national average. However, black students were twice as likely as whites to have borrowed, and accumulated more debt that other students. Students from lower income families were more likely to have received grants (85 percent of black borrowers received some form of grant assistance). Student loan borrowing did not appear to have a negative effect on students’ grade point averages or graduation status.

This article presents an overview of the status of minority participation in education and in other aspects of American life, and then focuses on various strategies which the financial aid administrator can employ in responding to the special needs of the minority students of the 21^st Century.

The University of Nevada’s "Good Neighbor" nonresident tuition plan provided for nonresident students to pay a substantially reduced tuition fee if certain qualifications were met. Data were gathered and interest cultivated over an 8-year period to bring the "Good Neighbor" proposal before the Board of Regents, who subsequently approved it.

Commentary on the issue’s feature article, "Toward the Use of a Single Need Analysis (or Virtue May Be More Than Its Own Reward)" by Frederick J. Fischer.

This article describes important reasons why financial aid administrators should do more research, and offers suggestions for writing research reports.

This article describes the results of a survey of student interest in career and postsecondary education planning. The survey reveals that junior high school students’ willingness to participate in planning activities and their willingness to sacrifice to achieve postsecondary goals are directly related to their plans for life after high school. "Early awareness" activities are unlikely to be well-received by a significant proportion of the young students.

The members of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs (NASSGP) are surveyed annually in order to collect data on state and territory funded scholarship and grant programs to those undergraduate and graduate students who wish to attend public or private postsecondary institutions.

This article describes the changes in patterns of freshmen and family incomes in colleges and the nation between 1966 and 1986. It shows that low income students experienced losses in access to college in the early 1980s.

This study describes how aid from the State Grant and federal Stafford Student Loan programs is distributed among middle-income students. A series of tables and graphs is used to describe middle-income students’ access to financial aid.

This paper gives the results of a survey of parents of students participating in an early awareness project. Findings include factors influencing parental preferences, such as racial-ethnic group membership, educational level, and willingness to participate in postsecondary planning activities.

Examined are changes in patterns of awards to students, the effect on recipients, and the grant program’s role in helping students achieve their educational goals. Results are shown by award amounts, student income levels, dependency status, program completion, employment status, and goal achievement.

Distribution of federal expenditures for interest benefits, special allowance payments, default claims reinsurance, and administrative cost allowances among over 61,000 borrowers is described, including in-school, grace and repayment periods by institution type, years enrolled, dependency status, and family financial circumstances.

Current developments in Dutch higher education finance are described, including changes in teacher supply and demand in some disciplines, government emphasis on efficiency, policy concerning student financial aid and student costs, and policy restricting access to higher education through constraints on enrollment and financial aid eligibility.

Examines lender problems with the Stafford Loan Program detailing lender yield reductions, due diligence requirements and other administrative concerns. Dean discusses perceptions in and of the lending community and makes five suggestions to improve policy-maker receptivity to lenders’ problems and to reduce student loan defaults.

This report describes the proposed voluntary national civilian service, the Citizens Corps. Discussed are benefits, years and types of service, age of volunteers, and program cost.

Comparative financial information, derived from two national surveys of 544 public community and junior colleges, is presented in this report for fiscal year 1988-89.

Designed to assist individual two-year institutions in analyzing their financial performance in relation to regional and statewide norms, this report presents comparative financial statistics for the 1989-90 fiscal year derived from a sample of 531 public community and junior colleges.

This paper analyzes findings from a survey of the parents of Illinois eighth graders. The survey takes a sample of these parents in six different school settings to determine the status of their knowledge about college admissions requirements, costs, how they plan to meet those costs, and their knowledge of financial aid in planning for their child’s education beyond high school. Study results indicate a lack of knowledge in these areas and a strong desire on the part of these parents to obtain it.

This guide to undergraduate and graduate student loan programs focuses primarily on program administration and management in the context of student loan repayment and collection. By incorporating regulatory requirements with practical suggestions on managing student loan programs, the book provides a framework and a guide for those who are responsible for administering student loan portfolios at colleges and universities.

Projections of forthcoming shortages of PhD’s and thus new faculty for the academic sector abound. Among the policies proposed to prevent such shortages is increased federal support for graduate students. Lost in the policy debate, however, has been concern for the possibility that increased federal support might induce academic institutions to redirect their own internal resources in a way that at least partially frustrates the intent of the policy change. Our paper presents an analysis of this issue using institutionally-based data for science and engineering fields.

Three main aspects of the college cost debate are summarized: student and family incomes, higher education institutions’ costs, and the income-contingent loan program. The potentially dangerous impact of the income-contingent loan program is discussed as the final step toward institutionalizing student debt.

With the 1982 "High School and Beyond" data this study used a sample of 9,625 students who were high school seniors in the spring of 1982 to do a descriptive analysis to compare those who were willing to borrow with those who were not. Results indicated that those willing to borrow were significantly more likely to attend college than those who said that they would delay entrance, attend a less expensive school or get a job. Among students who did enroll in college, willingness to borrow was significantly associated with attendance at a four-year college rather than a two-year college and with full-time rather than part-time attendance.

Discussion at a 1990 symposium on democratic values and higher education administration is summarized. Issues addressed include productive competition in higher education, open access vs. competitive selection, assessment of teacher performance and instructional quality, and the relationship between higher education institutions and national government.

Argues that prepaid tuition plans are not the most practical way of funding childrens’ college education.

This handbook is an effort to protect students, increase accountability, and reduce default costs of the Guaranteed Student Loan programs in light of higher loan defaults and associated federal costs. It offers postsecondary institutions, lenders, guarantee agencies, accrediting agencies, and states practical suggestions to reduce defaults.

This article describes the philosophy and educational program at the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) in New York and the effect their approach has on student retention.

Research by academic administrators about the effects of student aid on their institutions suggests that researchers and financial aid officers need to work closely together.

Before legislatures rush to approve what they assume is a wise and beneficial proposal, they should be sure it is not a wolf in IRA clothing. The measure pending in Congress for tuition prepayment investment funds managed by the federal government for instance, would open the door to subsidies for wealthy families, a boost in college fees, and increased government interference in the economy. A much better plan would create a true IRA clone for education, a tax-exempt savings plan, managed and invested, as are Individual Retirement Accounts, by private financial institutions. This would be a genuine and effective "Education IRA."

This directory includes college enrollment statistics; demand for graduates, including starting salaries; and information about financial aid. It also has a list of associations and organizations offering additional student assistance and a list of books and other resources.

The federal government would enjoy reduced "special allowance" payments to lenders in the Guaranteed Student Loan program if borrowers prepaid their loans. This article investigates the extent to which borrowers might be induced to prepay by an offer from the government to share a portion of its savings expected from prepayment. The analysis suggests that potential savings are not likely to be large enough to induce significant prepayment and that, accordingly, establishment of a prepayment program is not likely to be cost-effective.

Four general "fairness criteria" are presented for evaluating student financial aid award rules. Application to current Pell Grant rules indicated violation of two of the criteria. Recommendations include replacing the "percent-of-cost" rule with a "percent-of-need" standard, developing a broader class of rules, and evaluating budgetary effects of new rules.

In this article, I will advance a general plan of public responsibility for the finance of higher education. More precisely, I will review the current state approach to higher education finance, analyzing state policy on its own merits and the appropriateness of the federal response thereto, and then commenting on the resulting level of policy coherence.

This paper discusses why there are two need analysis systems (one for Pell Grants and one for other Title IV programs) and investigates simplification to one system by means of extending non-Pell need analysis to Pell Grants.

The older population wants higher education institutions to meet its learning, cultural, and social needs. A number of program models have emerged in response including over 130 learning- in-retirement programs affiliated with individual institutions. Benefits to the institutions are also described.

A report that documents the goals and processes used to develop the integrated need analysis model contained in the Education Amendments of 1992. The paper describes the effects of the model by types of students.

In response to sharply rising student debt, the University of Illinois at Chicago, in conjunction with Wheaton College and the University of Chicago, has helped design microcomputer- driven software to teach students about loan programs, assist in personal financial goal analysis, define expectations, and integrate budgeting and financial planning techniques.

A reanalysis of American College Testing Program data found systematic relationships between student ability, family income, and college choice set characteristics for a general college-bound sample but not for students who had applied for financial aid. Implications are drawn for using financial aid to increase student choice of institution.

This study examined the funding and expenditures for medical, dental, and veterinary institutions in Florida using various data sources as well as information presented at public meetings. Results suggest the following recommendations: (1) annual submission of financial data reports from the medical schools to the Office of Health Affairs of the Board of Regents; (2) continued state support of the medical loan repayment programs; (3) tying public funds for medical schools to increasing the number of women and minorities practicing in the State and to increasing the number of physicians practicing in primary care specialties and in under-served areas.

This report analyzes the administration of student financial aid programs in Florida’s state universities and community colleges. The analysis was conducted by reviewing documents, receiving public testimony, conferring with state-level agencies and institutions, surveying directors of financial aid offices, and surveying students. Twenty-two recommendations are presented concerning the role of state-level offices in the administration of student financial aid, institutional financial aid office staff, program administrative concerns, automation of financial aid offices, and service to students.

Partial contents: Accelerated payment plans; Delayed payment plans; Pricing and discounted payment plans.

The 102^nd Congress is considering the replacement of the Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) programs with a loan program directly capitalized by the Federal Government. This report compares current law—the existing GSL programs—with major pending legislation to authorize direct student loans, H.R. 3553 and S. 1845.

Over the past decade particularly since 1986, Congress has enacted a number of laws with provisions aimed at preventing defaults and improving collections on defaulted Guaranteed Student Loans (GSLs). These loans are authorized by part B of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. This report provides a synopsis of legislative provisions enacted to combat such student loan defaults beginning with the Education Amendments of 1980.

This report presents a synopsis of legislative provisions enacted to combat student loan defaults beginning with the Education Amendments of 1980.

New regulations to reduce default rates in the Stafford Loan Program are presented, emphasizing Department of Education enforcement. Also covered are final regulations, proposed regulations, administrative actions to reduce defaults, and analysis of the initiative.

The general structure of higher education finance in Germany and current and possible future developments in German higher education financing are analyzed. A shift from input budgeting to a more output-oriented steering of higher education is identified. Methods of dealing with the problems introduced by new mechanisms of decision-making and fund allocation are addressed.

Examines six premises that are "intended to support a conclusion that the system is generally working all right." The six premises are: (1) College enrollment is up and college-going rates are up; (2) Minority enrollment is up; (23) After adjusting inflation, total student aid has climbed back up; (4) Student loans are not an undue burden on students: (5) Availability of more student aid offsets rising college costs; and (6) Higher education is adequately funded.

This report analyzes the trends in college tuition paid by students, the trends in higher education costs paid by institutions, and offers insights into the relationships between them. The report examines the legitimacy of comparing trends in college tuition with the Consumer Price Index and the Higher Education Price Index.

The principal characteristics and problems of financing higher education in a developing nation like Colombia are discussed, and several attempts to solve them are reviewed. Differences between the burgeoning private sector and the public sector, areas of inefficiency, and effects of public policy on tuition levels and payment are examined.

This statement of the Director of Education and Employment Issues of the General Accounting Office’s Human Resources Division discusses the operation of the Stafford Student Loan program, the growth in loans guaranteed and defaulted, and concerns surrounding the financial problems experienced by the Higher Education Assistance Foundation (HEAF).

Descriptions of the Stafford Loan, Supplemental Loans for Students and PLUS Loans are provided. The roles of guaranty agencies are also explained.

This article outlines the major economic and demographic indicators predicting rapid growth in volume of supplemental (non-government sponsored) education loans. It is also a plea for rational planning to manage and absorb this new wave of debt. The article offers guiding principles for this rapidly emerging field and calls for a national meeting of all interested parties to discuss how to ensure that the best interests of students are served as supplemental loan volume grows.

A survey of activities in which independent colleges and universities are involved that related to or support the national education goals.

This report provides information on six institutions that have created supportive environments for students who are interested in graduate education, and illustrates the strategies universities could use to create a supportive environment for students pursuing doctoral studies. The report also provides data on the top 50 universities with minority Ph.D. graduates, and data on doctorates awarded to U.S. citizens, by institution and field, from 1979 to 1989.

This annual publication presents racial and ethnic data on high school completion rates, projections of high school graduates, college participation rates, college enrollments, and degree completions. The data, presented in text and statistical form, cover the period from 1979 to 1990. The report is released and updated each January.

This U.S. General Accounting Office testimony focuses on the increasing costs of student loan defaults and the need to provide tools for program participants to use to better manage their programs and control defaults. Discussed are defaulter characteristics and lender risk sharing and origination fees, as well as two proposals not included in the task force report concerning lender risk sharing and PLUS and SLS origination fees.

This discussion of merit scholarships details types used, eligibility requirements, sources of merit award, and timing of awards to applicants. Also described are programs in selected states in the Southern region and their success rate in retaining high school seniors.

Using the experience drawn from Union Pacific as a springboard, Stanford has shaped a number of strategies for reducing its administrative and support structure. In sum, once this effort is complete, Stanford will have reshaped its administrative support structure and put in place some new management values and principles. And it will be well positioned to begin to address some of the more fundamental academic challenges of the next decade.

During the past several years, Allen County Community College has experienced a growing number of uncollected student accounts. This study describes a series of changes in the college’s collection procedure during the 1990-91 academic year and assesses the effectiveness of these changes. Data tables, a literature review, references, and a series of recommendations are included.

The sources of rising costs vary considerably among colleges and universities of different sectors, missions, and size. The changing environment of the 1980s led different types of institutions to seek different types of faculty, students and sources of revenue.

This report predicts the number of high school graduates in each state, four major regions, and the nation. Included are graduates from public and non-public high schools in every state. A fourth edition update will be available in the fall of 1993 and will cover projections from 1991 to 2008.

This report examines the grade-by-grade progress of school children in each state by race and ethnic background, and projects to 1995 the number of high school graduates in each racial/ethnic group. The study also provides an overview of college enrollment by race: African Americans; American Indians and Alaskan natives; Asians and Pacific Islanders; Latinos; and white, non-Latinos. The report was prepared by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education (WICHE) in cooperation with the College Board.

Like other states nationwide, Indiana faces a decade of skyrocketing educational costs and declining federal dollars. This study discusses Indiana’s approach to educating its citizenry despite this scenario.

This study of 723 doctoral students investigated the relationship between time taken to complete the degree and economic factors, including employment hours, study hours, household income, indebtedness, amount and type of aid, part-time student status, field of study, and foreign/domestic student status.

This study of 502 private, general baccalaureate institutions examined relationships between charges for tuition and traditional measures of institutional quality. The study also tested an explanatory model of institutional effectiveness that considers the effects of finances as well as institutional characteristics, and identifies the structural elements underlying institutional performance on student outcomes.

Discusses default probabilities and student characteristics in the Guaranteed Student Loan program. Included are employment history, loan amounts and family income levels.

The Guaranteed Student Loan program is discussed, with the emphasis on risks for students who default. Also covered are government cost and default data for different states and lending institutions.

The balance between student loan and grant support is included in this summary of recent history of trends affecting college affordability. The Stafford Loan Program and Reishauer HELP program are discussed.

A series of papers presented in two parts examines how well the federal student loan program will serve the country’s needs in the 1990s and beyond. The subject of the first part is student loan policy and proposals for change, followed by presentations from a seminar on student loan policy alternatives.

This research investigates how various forms of organizational structures and institutional characteristics affect the efficiency of administering federal aid programs.

This discussion of the outlook for state support of higher education in the next decade examines the major relevant trends in the recent past, sketches the outlook for state finances in general, and discusses the prospects for higher education specifically.

Largely because of high student loan default rates, much of the criticism of federal aid programs has focused on policies and practices affecting the participation of proprietary schools in federal student aid. This report reviews alternative indicators of school performance that are currently used or could be used by the federal student aid programs.

Verification of data has become a routine part of every financial aid office. Whether 100% of the financial aid recipients need to have their application data verified and which items need to be verified continues to be a source of intense review and discussion in the profession. The answers to these questions may be found to be validly different for different institutions. The U.S. Department of Education’s Quality Control Project is attempting to ascertain the value of the verification effort, whether the verification of certain data items is worth the effort required, and whether special considerations may be appropriate for certain kinds of institutions. A summary opinion of one institution’s several years’ experience with the Quality Control project is outlined in this article.

The shift in responsibility for student aid costs from government to institutions since 1980 is examined. Mentioned are eligibility guidelines governing federal aid programs, families’ ability to pay college costs and institutions’ ability to make infrastructure expenditures.

The profile of disabled students includes program level, racial-ethnic group, gender, military status, age, and receipt of financial aid. Findings also give types and sources of financial aid that disabled students are most likely to receive.

Results are given of a survey of Stafford Student Loan borrowers scheduled to begin repayment between September 1, 1988 and June 30, 1989. Findings are shown by employment status, institutional type, income levels, program completion, and loan amount.

This report contains the results of a survey of Stafford Loan borrowers in Pennsylvania who were scheduled to enter repayment between September 1, 1988, and June 1, 1989. Conducted in January 1989, the survey examines the current situation facing Stafford loan borrowers as they begin repayment of their education debt.

This report is an update of a 1985 PHEAA report tracing the growth in Stafford debt from 1974 to 1984. Discussed are cumulative debt levels in relation to family income, mean debt levels of students at different institutional types, and growth in education debt, costs, and inflation.

An analysis of outmigration rates for graduating medical doctors and doctors of osteopathy graduating from medical schools in Iowa.

This Comment concludes that education interest expenses should be available as a deduction to all taxpayers, not only to those who secure their loans with their homes as prescribed by the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

This paper enumerates the experience of one aid office using interns to conduct research useful for that office and suggests interns may extend research services that the office would otherwise not have had the time or staff to perform.

This Note first analyzes the three factors that have contributed to the current financial-aid crisis: (1) the rising cost of tuition; (2) adverse changes in the federal-tax laws; and (3) the shift in emphasis of federal and state policies from grants to loans. The Note next discusses the responses to this crisis at the federal and state levels, and assesses their relative merits. The underlying objective of this Note is to place the components of the financial-aid puzzle in a manageable framework to promote more informed and effective policy choices.

Analysis of tax treatment of tuition prepayment plans suggests that they expose parents and institutions to serious risks and cannot be expected to provide a useful form of insurance. The only two published rulings subject investors to harsh tax treatment and address only one controversial form of prepayment plan.

In a survey of urban university students, ways of financing college (working, part-time attendance, residence with parents, and financial aid) were related to background variables (parent education, race/ethnicity, and high school grades) and to outcome variables. One finding suggested that significant sex differences existed in effects of residence with parents.

Offers four general propositions about what makes effective policy research, and identifies critical research topics on student financial aid.

The trend toward innovative methods of paying for college is discussed. Also included are related issues of affordability, parent responsibility, and prepayment and financing options.

Compared are a tuition prepayment plan, the Michigan Education Trust, and a tuition savings plan, the proposed Kentucky Trust. The focus is on such issues as risks, incentives, and tax implications.

According to this paper, many members of our society share responsibility for higher education, including parents, students, state and federal governments, alumni, business, and philanthropists. In deciding each partner’s share of the cost, it must be remembered that what one partner saves must be paid by another.

College affordability is discussed, with emphasis on the need to expand access to larger numbers of low-income students. Other issues include the national economy and middle class access to higher education.

This historical perspective and "burden-sharing" approach to financing a college education was presented at a conference in December 1988 at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.

Six articles discuss college savings plans.

The redefinition is related to determining eligibility for Pell Grants to postsecondary students, the effect on parental responsibility, and demand on student financial aid funds. The discussion is based on recent proposals by the American Council on Education and the College Board.

Examined are data on debt levels for 1982-83 full-time college seniors in California. The report includes percentages of students with excessive debt by dependency status.

A proposed change in federal student loan policy from providing loans through lending institutions to providing loans directly to students is of enormous importance to higher education, with major implications for colleges and universities. There are powerful arguments pro and con. Institutions must ensure they and policymakers understand the stakes.

The most important short-term economic issue today is the federal budget deficit, and it will frame the debate about federal education policy. The challenge for the next few years will be to increase investment in human capital while continuing to reduce the federal deficit.

This report presents information on how the United States compares with a selected group (N=34) of both industrialized and less developed nations in its spending on higher education and college participation rates.

Financially, the 1990s will probably not be as good for higher education as the 1980s were. All those who set policies affecting higher education—federal government, states, and institutions—must change their policies and attitudes about spending in response to the slowdown in revenue growth.

The primary role of the federal government in the area of savings should be that of promoter and sponsor rather than subsidizer. The author advises that Federal funds should be targeted to the neediest students.

Factors in rising college costs are discussed, such as increased expenditures and enrollment. Also included are state and federal funding patterns, competition, and the declining numbers of traditional college-age students.

Rapid increases in college charges for tuition, fees, and other costs of attendance are analyzed, through an examination of national data sources and case studies of individual institutions.

This monograph investigates and discusses the various approaches of innovative financing initiatives in higher education which have developed over the last few years.

This book is designed as a guide to existing and proposed higher education tuition financing plans. including discussion of recent patterns in higher education financing and participation, tuition prepayments, guarantees, and savings plans, and longer term efforts to develop alternative forms of the traditional student aid programs of loans, grants, and work-study.

This case study of matriculation and financial aid offerings at a private, four-year liberal arts college in the northeast examines the link between offering financial aid and a potential student’s decision to attend a particular college.

This study focuses on relationships between high school graduates’ personal characteristics and the nature of the postsecondary institutions they attend and suggests that within the matching process is a sorting mechanism that reinforces non-meritocratic tendencies. National data for the high school class of 1980 is used. Findings suggest that socioeconomic background particularly affects choice of college.

This analysis describes the paradox of undirected, loosely managed growth in the federal student aid program during an era of growing fiscal constraint, accountability pressures, and slowed growth of the client base. Included are footnotes, tables, and an extensive reference section.

This report explores the consequences of using a multi-level approach to research the problem of rising tuition. The Minnesota experiment involved institutional researchers and student aid officers at both the campus and state levels.

Commentary on the issue’s feature article, "Toward the Use of a Single Need Analysis (or Virtue May Be More Than Its Own Reward)" by Frederick J. Fischer.

This discussion looks realistically at the components of student costs and how they relate to inflation levels. Also discussed are pressures that drive tuition increases and what the trend is likely to be in the next few years.

A survey of California postsecondary students to determine their total educational resources and expenses. Resources include family contributions, financial aid, and loans from public and private sources. Expenses included costs of living, child care, books, supplies, transportation, and other miscellaneous costs incurred for attending postsecondary institutions.

This article is based upon a survey of the Western Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators financial aid offices conducted in 1985. It shows wide variations in the demographic characteristics and backgrounds of student financial aid office employees, chiefly by job level.

This study analyzes the influence of selected socio-demographic variables and students’ knowledge about their educational loans on the amount of total debt.

One reason more blacks don’t go to graduate school is that, by any reasonable standard, they would be crazy to do so. Graduate school means a decade or more of genteel poverty, mountains of debt (upward of $20,000), years of lost earnings, and the uncertain prospect of tenure at an institution far from kin and kind. Relatively few blacks have the economic security to try such a thing.

Discussed are the concept and major issues of tuition prepayment and state policy alternatives. Key issues surrounding tuition prepayment include the inability of state legislatures and governing boards to raise tuition levels needed in the future, state program risks, and overall equity.

This study describes the Woodlands Mountain Institute’s leadership program, which helps exceptional West Virginia high school students get into good colleges and serve home communities after finishing college. It includes case descriptions of low-income students who were assisted in college selection and financial aid. Describes colleges’ cooperation, peer-counseling program, and accompanying rise in students’ self-esteem.

This report attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of total federal financial support for education since fiscal year 1980 when the United States Department of Education became a separate agency. To the extent possible, outlays, rather than obligations, are used. Education is grouped into three categories: (1) on-budget federal support; (2) non-federal funds generated by federal programs; and (3) federal tax expenditures.

The Federal Government provides substantial funding for education well beyond programs operated by the Department of Education. Total federal support for education in fiscal year 1989 is estimated at $57.9 billion, an increase of $18.8 billion, or 48 percent, since 1980. For FY 89, estimated on-budget federal funds for education program support were $46.7 billion, an increase of 36 percent for current dollars, but a decrease of 9 percent since 1980 after adjusting for inflation.

The author examines the system of paying for college by examining misperceptions of college costs, financial aid complexity, savings disincentives, the growth of an entitlement mentality, and financial aid realities, and concludes that a new paradigm for need analysis is needed. The article endorses the CSS "SAFE" (Sustained Annual Family Effort) plan as one possible solution. A description and analysis of the SAFE system is included.

The article presents a study that provides information about student loan recipients at Iowa State University. Loan recipients are described, along with their total debt level and their loan repayment knowledge.

Drawing from a national survey of state-level community college financial policies and procedures, this report reviews trends in financial support, community college expenditures, tuition, and financial aid.

The author describes the background of default concerns in the 100^th Congress and bills to solve those default problems. Both Senate and House activities in this area are highlighted along with an analysis of likely action and the reasons for such legislation.

Argues that only when government steps out of the education funding picture once and for all will the upward pressure on college costs subside, and the burden on students and their families lessen.

Advice for the college scholarship administrator in dealing with donors includes conveying clear policies, avoiding restrictions, setting minimum endowment levels, educating estate professionals, publicizing scholarships, and having donors meet recipients. Suggestions for handling internal tasks include simplified administration, clear fees policy, computerized tracking, good international relations, and adequate staffing.

An article on the factors associated with parents’ college savings plans.

Analysis of data from a longitudinal study of Indiana high school students (n=56) reveals that parents are more interested than students in information about postsecondary education costs and student financial aid. It also suggests efforts to increase family knowledge should focus on general information rather than specific aid programs.

An analysis of the effects of mothers’ education and employment status on their children’s postsecondary education plans. The study also addresses the effects of family and high school experiences on ninth graders’ postsecondary education plans.

This booklet provides guidance for students and families who seek help in meeting college costs, beginning with guidelines for developing a funding strategy and tips on how to calculate amount needed.

A discussion of the interrelationships between college tuition pricing, family resources, externally funded financial aid, and institutionally funded financial aid suggests that, as the range of tuition levels broadens, institutions must focus more closely on net tuition income in their forecasting or face erosion of revenues.

Presented are ways in which research on student financial aid can be conducted and used to further institutional goals and objectives. Suggestions for inclusion in an institution’s research agenda are recruiting, measuring program effectiveness, expanding aid resources, and analyzing family financial capacity.

A college savings plan is proposed, consisting of individual tuition accounts based on lump-sum payments. This cooperative, inter-institutional plan is proposed as an alternative to loan options, savings bonds, and tuition futures.

A dilemma in nursing education involves reducing costs while maintaining quality. Nursing educators can use polarity analysis to effectively deal with this challenge.

Examined are data for Southwest Missouri State University students’ dependency on no-need scholarships and prospective students’ awareness of such awards. Other issues include the relative importance students attach to scholarships and the recruiting potential of the scholarship in various amounts.

This article contends that, until research yields qualitative knowledge of why similarly situated teenagers make different decisions about college, analysis of minority aid-and-entry decisions will prove unsatisfactory. Discussed are obstacles to research on minority students, including inadequate models of the decision process, and heterogeneous subpopulations.

National student aid policy is examined, specifically the impact financial aid has on college enrollments, tuition and institutional expenditures. Included are discussions on aid to targeted subgroups and the definition of financial independence.

The article analyzes the performance of endowment investment pools based on survey results from 367 colleges and universities. Analysis considers wealth concentration, purchasing power, spending rates, asset allocation, and financial performance.

Results from a five year study in loan profitability to lenders shows the Guaranteed Student Loan program third highest in profitability. Credit card lending was first and commercial/industrial loans ranked second.

A survey of 3,708 college freshmen provided information regarding advance planning for college, top factors considered by students and most frequently cited sources of college information.

An essay on costs of instruction and costs to the student-family unit, with comparisons of the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, and Australia.

Results from a national survey regarding the financing of medical education in the U.S. Medical student financial assistance data is included.

Examination of problems experienced and services used by black college students during an eleven year period. Issues of finances, academic adjustment, and living conditions ranked highest.

The educational establishment must anticipate the doing more with less controversy arising from cutbacks in funding and societal demands for greater preparation of future professionals.

Outlined is a strategy for college financing requiring students to pay only for their shares of education financed from tuition and fees. Students using more goods and services would pay proportionately more than those using less.

This article, synthesizing the available (published and unpublished) evidence, describes patterns of inclusion of African-Americans, women, and working-class youth into the system of higher education from 1960 to 1986. Focusing not only on whether access has increased, but on whether these subordinate groups have gained access to elite institutions.

With Colgate University as an example, this study presents a method for assessing potential success of an academic merit scholarship program. Student choice sets are examined to find out how important merit scholarships are in determining college choice.

This book contains 10 papers on solutions and barriers to improving the access of Hispanic American students to higher education. The primary emphasis is on testing instruments.

This booklet provides figures and tables of data on the financial characteristics of both public and private institutions of higher education from 1980 to 1988.

A recent shift in allocation of public resources away from elementary and secondary education to higher education in Pakistan is criticized. Issues of equity and privatization and the impact of the current student loan system are considered.

This paper describes basic statistical information on Pennsylvania graduating high school seniors who receive financial assistance from the Pennsylvania State Grant Program and the federal Pell Grant program. The information can serve as a useful base about federal and state efforts to provide financial assistance to high school graduates entering their first year in postsecondary schools.

In response to rising tuition costs and cuts in federal aid to students, states are devising plans to help parents save and pay for their children’s education years in advance.

The results of a congressionally mandated study on the escalating cost of higher education. Assumptions about such variables as enrollments, financial aid availability, and economic conditions are used to predict future course of tuition.

This report describes the cost of nonprofit undergraduate collegiate education, how that cost has grown throughout the 1980s, and reasons for increases in college costs. College tuition growth has outfaced general price inflation since about 1980.

The National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators conducted a survey of member postsecondary institutions to assess current staffing levels and salaries of all financial aid office staff. Analyses of data obtained on 2,481 aid offices and 12,336 individual staff are presented by institutional and individual demographic characteristics and position title.

This report provides a twenty-year perspective on the growth and change in the composition of student financial aid drawn from the College Board’s Trends in Student Aid, and presents specific data on the types and levels of borrowing by different categories of students drawn for the 1990 NPSAS. This is report #2 in the Washington Research Report Series.

1990 NPSAS data are used to present descriptions of sources of aid received by undergraduate students in 1989-90 by type of institution, dependency status, income, and race. This is report #1 in the Washington Research Report Series.

The report used the 1990 NPSAS to explore off-campus employment and earnings of aided and non-aided students during academic year 1989-90. This is report #3 in the Washington Research Report Series.

Commentary on the practice of class distinctions between advantaged and disadvantaged student athletes.

This article offers college and university administrators 23 ideas for encouraging corporate matching gifts from annual fund donors.

Cooperative partnership between the State University of New York at Albany, philanthropists and the school district to assist 96 inner-city children. The offer to pay college tuition also provides administrative expertise and enrichment activities.

Presents the results of the first National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) of graduate students, including institution type, percentage of graduate versus first-professional students, and enrollment status. Definitions of student type and degrees received are also included.

Examined are the results of the first National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS), a student-based data system established during the 1986-87 school year. Included is information on student enrollment characteristics, financial aid status, attendance cost, and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.

As defaults on federally guaranteed student loans continue to rise, the poorest students—who are relying increasingly on the program—could be hurt the most.

This article analyzes costs of attending law school and shows that they have outpaced inflation and are likely to continue to do so; discusses the economic return for legal education and demonstrates it to be high; describes how the shift from parent to student financing has spawned a debt-driven financing regime; and considers but rejects proposals for change. We have good reason to worry about the quality of legal education, the composition of the profession, and the lifestyles and goals of attorneys.

Many aspects of paying for a college education are covered, including savings plans, borrowing, income shifting, investments, and student employment plans. Also included are strategies for different personal circumstances, a glossary of financial terms, individual and gift tax tables, an interest rate and yield chart, and a needs-analysis form.

This report lists the typical tuition and required fees and room and board charges for academic year 1991-92 at nearly 4,900 four-year, two-year, and less-than-two-year postsecondary institutions (collegiate and non-collegiate) in the United States and its outlying areas. Included are tuition and fee charges to in-state and out-of-state students at the undergraduate and graduate levels, along with the costs for room and board, and the number of meals per week covered by the board charge. The data were collected through the 1991-92 Institutional Characteristics Survey conducted annually by the National Center for Education Statistics as part of its Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).

The authors attempt to identify organizational stressors in the financial aid office and base their research on a survey conducted in March 1987 under the California Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators.

For each of 11 critical sources of organizational stress in financial aid offices, a variety of countermeasures are described and discussed. Countermeasures were identified by focus groups comprising personnel from all employer segments in California, and all job classifications typical of financial aid offices.

This Case Comment discusses whether the anti-discriminatory policy of Section 525(a) prevents a state agency from discriminating against a student bankrupt seeking educational loans. Part I reviews the facts of Elter and presents the court’s holding. Part II analyzes the Elter court’s reliance on Prez v. Campbell on the congressional intent behind the enactment of Section 525(a), on case law interpreting this section, and on a policy against educational loan defaults. Part III examines the possible conflict between the pertinent federal regulation an the Wisconsin statute. The Conclusion assesses the impact of Elter on educational-loan discrimination.

Similarities are drawn between trends in climbing costs for medical care and higher education. Possible effects of a prospective payment system for higher education are discussed.

A survey of all 1990 Vermont high school seniors to determine their post-graduation plans, and to collect general family and high school information. The survey found that, for the first time in a decade, the percentage of high school graduates planning to enter postsecondary education institutions declined. A follow-up survey in 1992 found that the number who actually entered postsecondary institutions also declined.

Provides a step-by-step guide to finding, applying for, and receiving available student financial aid. Offers innovative saving and investing techniques of special interest in formulating a college savings plan.

Questions are raised about tuition prepayment as a panacea for rising college costs. State governments are encouraged to conduct a thorough analysis of various options before adopting a prepayment plan.

As college costs continue to outpace inflation, legislators are searching for ways to help parents finance their children’s education.

This report presents estimates of the total subsidy received by undergraduates from all sources. The results are presented by student income, ethnic group, ability, and type and control of institution. The research was done using existing data from national sources.

Introduces a risk index that provides a way to understand the human dimension of student loan defaults. It correlates default with the type of school attended, amount borrowed and help received from others during repayment.

Assesses the Michigan Education Trust program, the most widely publicized government action in the field of higher education finance during the 1980s. MET allows parents of young children to purchase contracts promising to cover the children’s tuition at Michigan public colleges when they enroll up to eighteen years later.

The crisis in preparing people for work stems from many factors including generalization, student employment, changing skill requirements, and labor shortages. The focus of reform should be a greater match between skills training and employment opportunities.

The struggle of American families to pay rising college costs is discussed, with emphasis on income stagnation and inequality. Also addressed is the idea of a vanishing middle class that may be losing the college cost race.

College Board statistics on student aid contained in seven tables include award dollar amounts, number of recipients and aid per recipient, and percentage distribution of aid from the Pell and federal campus-based programs by institutional type. Two figures look at estimated student aid by source for academic year 1987-88 and purchasing power and changing composition of grant and loan aid in the 1980s.

Boston College’s public-access recordkeeping system is described. First available on computer terminals, then on a Consumer Transaction Terminal, the system provides students with access to their academic, account and financial aid information.

This report describes a grant program proposed in 1987 by the Arizona Board of Regents’ Student Financial Aid Task Force called the Student Aid Trust Fund. The program went into effect in 1989, surcharging students $6 per semester, and will remain in effect for 25 years.

A study of the Michigan Education Trust (MET) advance tuition prepayment plan was conducted to generate a demographic profile of current MET enrollees, compare the profile with that of the general population on certain characteristics, and identify any shifts in participant patterns from the first and second rounds of enrollment.

This report summarizes the Federal taxation of six types of financial aid for students enrolled in postsecondary educational institutions (colleges, universities, and proprietary schools). Since much financial aid provides income to students, the question arises whether they must pay Federal income taxes on it. Some aid also involves employment, so students may have to pay Federal Insurance Contribution Act (FICA) taxes as well.

Examined are concerns raised by a former education secretary’s proposal to link the criteria for listing accrediting agencies to student achievement and relating them to federal funding eligibility. The wisdom of federal regulations of colleges through accreditation is questioned.

With the forthcoming reauthorization of legislation for Stafford Loans and Pell Grants, this article calls attention to features of the schooling process that should be better understood if the research community is to play a constructive role. Discussed is how these features interact with proposals for national service.

The legislation authorizing the Stafford Loans and Pell Grants, the major federal programs subsidizing postsecondary schooling by lower- and middle-income students, expires at the end of 1991. It is already apparent that reauthorization of programs will not be routine. A sharp debate on the form and magnitude of federal student aid policy is taking shape.

This study examines the characteristics of those students at one university judged not to be making satisfactory academic progress to determine if and how they differ from the general population that receives federal student aid funds. Two groups of students appear to be the most affected by the university’s requirement: dependent students from the lower economic scale with low GPAs, and non-traditional students, particularly females.

Various viewpoints are given concerning the rising college-cost dilemma, including reasons for tuition increases. Other issues discussed are the amount of actual education costs covered by tuition and the financing of student aid by tuition.

The author provides an outline of an institutional research model and practical suggestions for financial aid administrators who might be inspired to conduct similar research.

The article is based upon remarks delivered by the author at the 1987 National Forum of the College Board, Chicago, Illinois. It reviews the topic of professional judgment from several perspectives and concludes with a challenge to student aid administrators.

This article describes the author’s perspective of widespread discontent with the current Stafford Loan program, offers institutional perspectives, raises questions and key principles.

This article discusses a proposed restructuring of the guaranteed loan program which would eliminate lenders and guaranty agencies, instead providing direct lending to schools from the U.S. Department of Education.

If a higher educational institution sees a need to devote resources to merit scholarships while continuing a strong need-based program this examines how the institution can achieve this, what impact it will have on enrollment, how scholarships should be marketed, and how much money will be required.

Compilation of papers given at the Massachusetts Higher Education Assistance Corporation (MHEAC) thirtieth year conference. Sections include information on: the repayment of loans, the impact of student loans on access, the international perspective on student loans, and supplementary sources of support.

Discussed is the issue of employment of undergraduates detracting from their studies and extracurricular activities. Faculty opinions are given about time taken away from student conferences, field trips and library usage.

A report that examines the default problems associated with financially weak schools; the unresponsiveness of proprietary schools to labor markets; and the lack of oversight of proprietary schools. Previous default prevention measures are evaluated and changes in the school eligibility process are recommended.

This testimony finds elements of Congressional Methodology too complex for parents and students to readily understand. Short-term changes are recommended to simplify the application process.

This testimony examines the complexities of the student financial aid delivery system, which often discourage participation by low-income students. It is argued that the system is geared to the exceptional circumstances of the wealthy, rather than to the relatively simple financial affairs of low-income students.

The purpose of this paper is to call to the attention of public officials at both the state and federal level the unscrupulous practices of certain schools who choose to misuse and abuse the guaranteed student loan program in order to profit from and take advantage of the less fortunate, the poor and the disadvantaged members of our society. These schools offer a questionable quality of training which leads the unsuspecting students into large student loan debts (which an alarming number cannot pay and ultimately default), and not to the high paying jobs the schools advertised.

Abuses in the Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Program are documented, with specific cases showing that growth of the Texas SLS program has been concentrated in the proprietary school sector. Policy issues are addressed, including legislative and regulatory initiatives, oversight of proprietary schools, and SLS loan eligibility.

Discussed is the rapid increase in loans to students attending short-term trade schools and their high default rates. Policy implications of these findings are examined and recommendations made concerning program length and eligibility for guaranteed student loans.

A major shift has occurred from parent to student in who pays for higher education and consumers are assessing whether higher education is worth its current price.

Summarized are the results of the 1988 survey of states regarding methods of advance payment for college: savings plans and guaranteed tuition plans. The bulk of the report is a table giving summary information on interest level, status, implementation, plan type, IRS status, and description or comments.

A study undertaken to assess the need for and impact of a new national student loan program compared college student income and cost of living at six geographically diverse British institutions.

Families residing in certain regions where home values increased rapidly and disproportionately faced inequities in the need analysis system. Equal assets on paper do not accurately reflect equal ability to contribute.

A survey of Rush Medical College (Illinois) alumni included questions concerning indebtedness and its perceived effect on professional and personal lives. Results show little effect on practice setting and family plans, but substantial reported impact on lifestyle. Specialization and debt change over time were also factors.

A shared-fee method is described to generate additional resources for parents paying college costs in developing countries. A more equitable method for computing parents’ expected contribution is offered that distributes costs among students, parents and taxpayers.

This study evaluated the academic performance of financial aid recipients at the Southern College of Technology over a two-year period after the U.S. Department of Education required that a satisfactory academic progress policy be imposed as a condition for receiving further financial aid. Based on the findings of this study, the author argues that the students who are academically disadvantaged are not served equitably by the satisfactory academic progress policy.

Factors cited as causing rising college costs are national economic and social conditions versus postsecondary institutions’ spending habits. Four trends are considered: middle-income fears, college as gatekeeper, "portfolio-building" students, and the assault on financial aid.

Discussed is the impact of federal student financial aid on student enrollment behavior, as well as indirect effects on institutional behavior. This study argues that the potential effects of aid on supply and on institutions are substantial.

The complexities of the impact of student aid on institutional finances is examined. Also discussed is the linkage between high tuition increases and federal aid policy.

This is an econometric analysis of a time-series of college enrollment and net cost data for white students, separated by income and gender. Findings show significant net cost effects on enrollments of low-income students, raising doubts about the hypothesis that federal student aid has failed to significantly affect enrollment patterns over the past two decades.

An analysis of the effectiveness of the U.S. system for enhancing student access to higher education looks at the success of government financing efforts in examining data on (1) encouraging enrollment and broadening educational choices of disadvantaged students; (2) making institutions work better; and (3) making the distribution of education’s benefits fairer.

Author identifies three broad points of view from which to evaluate the effectiveness of federal student aid: those of promoting wider opportunity for postsecondary education, of distributing the burden of college costs fairly, and of contributing to the general institutional health of colleges and universities.

The author surveys the various approaches that have been developed over the past few years to help families cope with rising education costs. He examines savings plans, alternative loan programs, guaranteed access plans, and public service proposals.

This study reviews information on GSL defaults in five states. Sectoral differences in the rates and levels of default are examined using a variety of analytical methods.

Six chapters examining the changes in student aid since the 1980s,including how emphasis on parental responsibility has been renewed, how complexity of the current process is motivating efforts toward simplification, and how financial aid impacts college persistence.

The legal world in which colleges operate is about to change. Since last summer the Justice Department, citing possible restraint of trade, outlawed by the Sherman Antitrust Act, has been investigating the way a number of private institution set tuition, financial aid and salaries.

Examined are the benefits, costs, and risks of prepaid tuition nd state saving incentive plans, as well as institutional prepayment plans, plans through non-profit organizations and commercial groups, and federal plans. The possible impact on families and beneficiaries is considered, along with the effects on postsecondary institutions and state government.

The prosperous 1980s will be followed by an economic slowdown challenging to higher education. Faced with slower public, private, and endowment revenue growth and increasing operating costs, institutions will have to make tough choices. Data on government contributions, private gifts, endowments, expenditures, and shifting allocations are offered to support the paper’s position.

Assessed is student financial aid in Missouri higher education for fiscal years 1984 to 1988, highlighting the roles of federal funds, institutional funds, and level funding of the Missouri Student Grant program.

Report examines the effects of financial aid on the decision to attend a selective liberal arts college using data obtained from applicants accepted to Occidental College in 1989.

The author, a vice president of the Pepsi-Cola Company, describes three activities his firm is engaged in to assist students and the corporation: A summer student intern program for minority students; a seminar program for historically black institutions designed to build their strategic marketing and fund-raising skills; and a fellowship program designed to increase the pool of African-Americans holding Ph.D’s, especially in scientific, technological, and business-related disciplines. Each program is designed to both assist Pepsi-Cola in meeting certain of its social goals and to provide assistance for minority students and the colleges they attend.

Reviews the history of the program and discusses some of the program’s present problems; includes charts on default rate and student aid and is accompanied by a brief profile on the typical defaulter.

Examines the factors which are contributing to the rapid rise in tuition costs. Describes how the marketplace is starting to react to these higher fees.

The following three points are made in this report: (1) Demographic change will weaken the capacity of individual families to finance postsecondary education for their children. An increasing fraction of youth—especially blacks—will be in single-parent family situations when they reach college-going age. (2) Demographic change will transform the foundations of public support for financing postsecondary education. Families without children at home will increasingly outnumber parents with children to be educated. (3) In ethnically diverse states like California, demographic change will transform the mission of postsecondary education. Meeting the educational needs of a diverse population will pose new needs and demand more forward thinking.

This study examines attitudes of Americans toward borrowing to finance educational expenses over the period from 1959 to 1983. The study finds that overall Americans have had a consistently favorable view toward educational loans. However, not all Americans share this general enthusiasm for borrowing. People from low-income backgrounds, in particular, are less likely to have a positive attitude toward borrowing to finance educational expenses than are people from middle- or upper-income backgrounds.

This paper examines three financial aid policies that work against dependent students from low income families: (1) zeroing-out calculated negative parental contributions, (2) requiring a minimum self-help expectation from students from low income families, and (3) substituting expensive financial aid (loans) for free aid (grants).

This article summarizes a portion of the research conducted at American College Testing on changes in the design of the Pell Grant Program between 1973-74 and 1988-89. In particular, it focuses on changes in the formulas used to calculate Student Aid Index (SAI) and the payment schedule, especially with reference to actual direct and indirect college attendance costs. Lack of growth in the maximum available to the lowest income applicants who were the original focus of the program is the immediate consequence.

This study analyzes data from surveys on consumer finances collected for the Federal Reserve System in light of the federal government’s shift in student aid emphasis from grants to loans. Results are presented by willingness to borrow, borrower groups, and differences in attitudes about student loans.

The two financial aid applicant categories are examined in three studies: description, verification, and simulation. Methods used were financial aid records for the description study, a survey for the verification study, and a comparison of the effects on expected family contributions of the special formula treatments specified by Congress in the 1986 Amendments to the Higher Education Act for the simulation study.

Analyzed is the impact on financial aid policy, funding, and administration of the rising numbers of American families living in poverty. The family income profile of American children is matched against college attendance costs through need analysis.

Hidden costs discussed are lost earnings from jobs students might have had if they had not gone to college, loan processing fees, interest on the unpaid student aid balance, and loan balances to be paid by students who drop out of college. The paper then reviews the current higher education equity status of women, racial minorities, and low-income groups.

Examined are effects of changes in the Pell Grant Program on applicant eligibility, measured by the purchasing power the grant allows versus college attendance costs. The paper then identifies the design components of the Pell Grant Program that have been changed in ways that alter applicant eligibility for grants and explores their implications.

This study examines the relationship between the decline in low-income participation in higher education and the substitution of loans for grants in federal student financial aid programs. Loans are seen to substantially decrease the net benefits of college attendance by low-income students because of these students’ greater risk of academic failure and the addition of fees and interest charges to existing cost barriers.

Since 1978, when the Middle Income Student Assistance Act was passed, federal, state, and institutional student financial aid developments have consistently expanded programs, eligibility, and benefits for students from middle and affluent family income backgrounds. Poverty-level students have experienced substantial declines in gift aid and increased use of loans, while students whose family incomes were more than 200% of the poverty threshold reported less use of student loans and greater gift aid.

This paper develops the public policy justification for needs-tested higher educational subsidies targeted specifically to students. Also examined are student demand for higher education, the history of federal and state commitments to student aid programs, and public interest motives for student aid program support.

The parents of college students at a large state university in the Midwest were surveyed to analyze the parents’ perspective on college financing. Results offered insight into what parents think and know about college financing and point to ways parents can be better informed about the college financial aid process.

The study is a multivariate analysis on parental contributions of dependent financial aid students in 1983 and 1987. A comparison of the findings indicate that parental contributions significantly increased in general and for the $40,000-$50,000 income group in particular.

An analysis of the Federal Stafford Student Loan Program summarizes its successes, limitations, and numerous problems and explains why reform has not yet occurred. A policy stalemate in Congress, lack of a well-developed reform alternative, and newly professionalized and mobilized interest groups are seen as making change unlikely.

This article reviews the existing research that investigates the relationship between financial aid and student persistence.

Topics include minority participation in higher education, income distributions and access, early awareness programs in secondary schools, college costs, national service proposals, higher education subsidies, student loan repayment, and research using the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) data base.

Topics include education cost trends, student aid trends, student borrowing, student loan defaults, impact of Congressional Methodology, and state-level options in financial aid research.

This is a 150-page reference for high school guidance counselors, admissions officers, and others who need timely information on student aid programs. Updated annually.

The 48 representatives from nearly 30 education organizations who participated in the NASFAA/American Council on Education 1988 symposium on early awareness of postsecondary education concluded that although all student groups, including minority and other at-risk students, have high aspirations and are capable of achieving in school, they have talents and abilities that are inhibited and obscured by the structure and practices of the education system. Instituting necessary changes will take a significant effort, require more resources than society has been willing to allocate, and cannot be accomplished by the schools alone.

The Higher Education Amendments of 1986 established a new approach to the construction of student expense budgets for determining eligibility for federal student aid programs by establishing minimum budget component values and altering need analysis procedures for independent students with and without dependents. This volume updates previous budget construction documents and provides sections on principles of budget construction, budget components, methods of constructing budgets, references, and appendices.

A comprehensive reference guide to the federal Title IV student aid programs. It chronicles the programs from their authorizing legislation through eligibility and administrative requirements. Updates are provided as needed on a subscription basis.

Presents in question-and-answer format a comprehensive checklist for assessing institutional strengths and weaknesses in financial aid program management in the financial aid and fiscal offices, and provides regulatory references on a program-by-program basis.

An update to the 9^th edition of the Institutional Guide with revisions reflecting changes in regulations for the federal student aid programs since 1988.

Provides annotations of literature relevant to the field of student financial aid in the United States produced during the calendar years 1986 and 1987. It updates the original NASFAA Bibliography, which covered publications from 1977 through 1985. Contains author and subject index.

This pamphlet profiles almost 50 successful individuals who credit some of their career success to the financial aid made available by the Higher Education Act of 1965. The success stories are arranged in chronological order by year of college attendance, from 1965-66 to 1989-90. The profiles describe the individuals’ educational background, career development, family life, and financial situation before receiving financial aid. Emphasis is on financial aid recipients who are members of minority groups.

This is an in-depth consumer guide to planning for college. Sections cover life and career planning, academic preparation, school/college selection, aid programs, application procedures, and need analysis and awarding principles. Updated annually.

Summary of survey data from 15 federal agencies that provide virtually all funding for science and engineering (S/E) research and development (R&D) at universities and colleges. Tables present data on federal obligations to universities and colleges.

The principal advantages of state, national and commercial savings plans are reviewed and compared with state and national prepayment plans. The author contends that a well-structured national prepayment plan is essential to bring in check the country’s college tuition crisis.

This paper advances the perspective that more frequent and comprehensive assessments, and more frequent and complete evaluations of college and university programs, are essential if colleges and universities are to improve minority access and achievement. Forecasts of future enrollments and characteristics of prospective students are reviewed including the current growth rate of minority populations and current indicators of various groups’ educational preparedness.

Task Force recommendations are presented for reducing default rates in the New Jersey Guaranteed Student Loan Program. Findings regarding defaulters are given, and appendices provide data on borrowers, repayment patterns, default rates and state compliance.

This report describes, in text and 20 tables of data, the status of student financial assistance programs in New York State in 1989-90. The report contains a complete accounting of all aid available to students enrolled in public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit postsecondary institutions in the State, including analyses of recent trends in three major aid programs—Pell Grants, Guaranteed Student Loan programs, and the State’s Tuition Assistance Program.

This report presents financial data for higher education in New York State for 1984-85 through 1988-89.

This report provides a complete accounting of financial aid available to students at New York’s degree-granting postsecondary institutions. It shows trends in financial aid from state, federal, institutional, and private sources for academic years 1987-88, 1988-99, and 1989-90.

This booklet provides information as of August 1987 on state and federal financial assistance programs available to postsecondary students in New York state. Program descriptions provide information on application procedures, recipient selection, award allocation, award schedules, and recipient responsibilities.

This report presents statistics and other information concerning trends in and the current (1991) status of various student financial aid programs in New York State. Proposals for the state’s student aid programs are provided.

The report presents findings of a 1987 survey of 8,062 postsecondary students designed to determine how New York State students and their families finance postsecondary education costs.

Presented are the views of Charles Moskos and David Evans on establishing a youth public service corps tied to federal student financial aid provision. Program rationale, objectives, costs and implications are also covered.

Since 1984, the California community colleges have charged an enrollment fee of $5 per credit unit for all students. The statutes authorizing the enrollment fee expire in January 1992. This report examines the successes and deficiencies of the enrollment fee provision, and offers recommendations to forestall previous problems and promote the enrollment of underrepresented groups.

An analysis of student grant and loan data from the 1989-90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study.

This report analyzes data from the Current Population Survey to examine trends in minority college participation and completion rates, by racial/ethnic group.

Research indicates that Hispanic community college students who received higher levels of non-campus-based financial aid awards were enrolled in more semesters, earned more semester hours, and received some form of credential. Moreover, Hispanic students who received higher levels of campus-based resources earned higher grade-point averages. The direct effect of campus-based resources on retention was not as large as that of non-campus-based resources or academic performance.

An examination of the interaction and integration or lack thereof between public assistance and student financial aid programs. The author documents the problems students on welfare have in working with, understanding and successfully resolving conflicts between the two systems.

Found that five factors emerged as being more predictive of college attendance than other factors. In descending order of importance, they are: career objectives, financial aid availability, job availability, contact with professionals in the field, and peers.

Black and Hispanic access to educational mobility is shown to have been severely hampered by high rates of dropping out of high school, by increasingly rigorous standards of admission and the high cost of attending 4-year public colleges, by the failure of community colleges in their transfer function, by the de-emphasis on minority recruitment and retention programs, and by the curtailment of civil rights enforcement.

In a report targeted toward policymakers, administrators, and practitioners, the author discusses the increased importance of higher education; policies, issues, and attitudes affecting access to higher education in the 1980s; and the questionable effectiveness of junior colleges.

Summarizes the federal treasury regulation governing the deductibility of educational expenses and outlines why it is disadvantageous to student taxpayers. Proposes that Congress permit the accelerated amortization of qualified educational costs over a five-year horizon.

A study testing many hypotheses from recent literature on college tuition determination is reported. The persistence of hypothesized relationships through several decades of varying environmental conditions and institutional circumstances serves as a basis for recommendations regarding the control of tuition increases in U.S. colleges and universities.

This study investigates the attitudes of New England borrowers toward their student loan debt and affirms that there is a gap between borrower attitudes and behavior. Those with higher debt levels are more likely to perceive their student loan debts as burdensome but debt level has little impact on consumption patterns.

The New England Student Loan Survey (NESLS) II investigated the impact of student loans on borrowers, their consumption patterns, and their attitudes towards repayment. Both NESLS I and II revealed that individuals with higher debt levels are more likely than others to perceive their debts as burdensome, but debt level has little impact on consumption patterns.

The study investigated, for both poor and minority students, how demographic characteristics, college aspirations, and high school courses affected college attendance and college completion. The issue of minority college attendance and completion is explored, and previous studies and available data are reviewed.

The subject is the availability of national data sources that the public can use to examine institutional impacts of student financial aid. Another use is to compare institutional data with national averages.

Youth service proposals before Congress are discussed, including the Nunn-McCurdy bill and those sponsored by Edward M. Kennedy and Claiborne Pell. Also covered is the American Association of School Administrators Committee on Federal Policy and Legislation’s opinion of national youth service programs that mandate civilian or military service for college student aid applicants.

Describes the proceedings of a 1989 conference on "Technological Change and Human Resource Development: The Service Sector," which focused on future job skills and the need for improved schooling. Also discusses changing patterns of educational finance for higher education.

Two studies (by Carol Frances and Arthur M. Hauptman) confirm that tuition has risen more rapidly than the general rate of inflation. Tuition increases since 1980 are the direct result of the decline in federal grant support. The Consumer Price Index is not a good measure of costs incurred by colleges.

A discussion of the influence of finances on students’ decisions to enter medicine or pursue low-paying careers in primary care or clinical investigation looks at three factors: medical school costs, the magnitude of student indebtedness, and the effects of indebtedness on career choice.

This document presents figures for the fall 1988 enrollment and finances for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1989 at Catholic Colleges and Universities in the United States. Major conclusions are that, in comparison to other independent colleges and universities, Catholic institutions have a higher proportion of comprehensive universities, enroll higher percentages of part-time and women students, enroll lower percentages of black, Asian and Pacific Islanders, and enroll more Hispanic students (though almost half of these are in three Puerto Rican institutions).

Focuses on gaps that separate the educational experiences of white America from those of at-risk populations, particularly black and Hispanic youth. Measures of median family income, college participation, and college degree attainment all show black and Hispanic students lagging behind their white counterparts by significant margins.

A West German study examined the demand for opportunities to study while working for people with vocational qualifications who desire academic qualifications. Three areas showed promise for minimizing existing inequalities: the vocational orientation of courses taken while working, the interest of unions and employers, and the support of university teachers.

Creating separate student-aid programs for the proprietary and nonprofit sectors of higher education will be one of the most bitterly debated issues in the upcoming reauthorization of higher education law. A major point of contention is the matter of hugely disproportionate default rates among students in the different sectors.

The suggestion is made for the collaboration of institutional researchers and student financial aid officers to construct longitudinal data files. The purpose will be to study student persistence and recommend persistence policy.

This study examines effects that family sex composition have on financing higher education. The authors found that as the number of brothers in a family increases, the amount of the parental contribution decreases.

The level of student indebtedness and its impact on student decision-making is explored in this monograph. How Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) debt influenced seven subgroups is presented. The research shows that the students studied do make certain decisions in the course of their undergraduate careers that have been affected by the level of their borrowing. The study confirms earlier research that the further along a student gets in his/her indebtedness, the more of a factor it will become.

One of the most affluent segments of the U.S. population is also one of the least prepared to face the reality of college costs.

The study examines trends in the number of graduates from Pennsylvania postsecondary institutions by race and gender, types of degrees, and types of postsecondary institutions. Report also uses data from the Current Population Survey to measure the total educational attainment of black and white Pennsylvanians during the 1980s.

The members of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs (NASSGP) are surveyed annually in order to collect data on state and territory funded scholarship and grant programs to those undergraduate and graduate students who wish to attend public or private postsecondary institutions.

Given are the results of the 1987-88 survey of NASSGP member agencies. Findings include expected growth rates of undergraduate need-based aggregate and non-need-based grant aid, comparative program statistics, distribution among student categories, and trends in aid dollar volumes by state.

Highlights of the findings include growth rates for undergraduate need-based and non-need-based aid, emergence of new programs, and proportions of grant recipients by dependency status. Listings of NASSGP officers and state grant agencies are appended.

To avoid antitrust liability, private university administrators and counsel must limit the exchange of financial-aid and tuition information among their institutions and competitors. On a much broader scale, colleges and universities must strive to improve their images and regain public confidence and support.

This nation has spent billions of public dollars over the years on dropout prevention, with limited results. Inspired by Eugene Lang’s successes, this article proposes that every state create a Student Incentive Plan for economically disadvantaged children designed to mitigate a legacy of poverty and increase these children’s financial security and prospects.

The University of Arizona’s experience with a small-scale fund-raising project to establish a memorial scholarship illustrates that the development office’s efforts in guiding a motivated group of donors can pay off. Planning elements included establishing a team, delegating tasks, handling mail and telephone calls, generating enthusiasm, and maximizing the return.

This study attempts to determine the relationship between actual and desired role functions of community college financial aid directors.

The reasons Emporia State University (Kansas) selected American College Testing Program composite scores only to identify freshman recipients of a no-need scholarship are discussed. First-semester performance of recipients with discrepant pre-admission scores are used to support a recommendation that a weighted combination of pre-admission variates supplant the single score.

Students with special needs living in rural areas face a difficult challenge as they prepare for employment and adult life. This report examines several issues including: how vocational education can play a key role in the economic growth of rural areas; how the school can act as an agency of rural economic development; and how skill-specific vocational education can prepare students with special needs for the job market.

A study attempted to identify the college types that benefit most from federal student aid by examining how institutional quality, institutional mission, and average student costs of attendance covaried with students’ average grant, loan, and work-study aid awards in 254 four-year public and 499 four-year private colleges and universities.

The report, based on data from the first National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (1986), describes the combinations of student aid awards or student aid "packages" received by federally aided students to finance their educations in 1986-87.

Wonders whether community colleges can continue to offer indiscriminate access to programs and still deliver quality education.

These researchers used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) to explore the relationship between personality types and attitudes toward the work environment in student financial aid. The study adds to a body of research regarding personality types and occupational pursuits.

The financial aid director as institutional leader is addressed. Needed qualities include ability to analyze data, willingness to communicate and ability to be brief.

A discussion of the Canada Student Loans Program argues that the program lacks vertical and horizontal equity and creates a work disincentive; program rules need updating to reflect inflation and tax rate changes; and the government is controlling the cost of program interest subsidy inefficiently. An alternative program design is proposed.

This report presents the results of a study examining the effects of rapidly rising tuition at the nation’s "elite" private colleges and universities, and the impact on the enrollment of middle-income students.

Ongoing use of a model of undergraduate students’ loan debt "risk" as a function of predicted total amount of debt if borrowers complete degree programs, and predicted ability to pay (based on likelihood of getting a well-paying job). Students with "high risk" of having large debt with low earnings, and who have not yet come to the attention of financial aid or academic officers, are offered financial aid counseling and academic counseling.

This report presents available information on trends from 1970 to 1986 in the costs of higher education and their relationship to trends in the sources of support to pay for that education—family income and student financial assistance programs. Federal policy options to improve access and allow for some choice are described.

The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA), authorizing the major Federal programs supporting postsecondary education, will expire during the 102^nd Congress. Of primary concern is Title IV of the Act, which currently provides about $18 billion in student aid to help financially needy students attain postsecondary education in colleges, universities, and trade and technical schools. The types of aid available under Title IV include student loans, grants, work study assistance, and fellowships.

The Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA) provides aid to financially needy students and mandates two separate formulas for calculating financial need. Students supply the formula information when they apply for assistance. This report analyzes several need analysis simplification proposals that are being considered during reauthorization of the HEA.

Types of aid described are scholarships, fellowships, loans, grants, awards and internships. Contact information is provided.

Financial aid programs for disabled students are described. Entries are grouped under headings for disabilities in general, orthopedic and developmental, hearing, visual, and families of the disabled.

Program descriptions provide information for applicants from high school to postdoctoral levels, involving research, travel, education, training, and career development.

The current sources of financial aid programs available in 1991-1992 for and about women are presented. The directory lists over 1,600 references and cross-references to scholarships, fellowships, loans, grants, awards, and internships designed primarily or exclusively for women.

Essentially an application of installment purchase concepts to higher education, the Zero Cash Plan allows students without cash from family resources for room, board, and tuition to attend Cazenovia College (New York) by deferring parent contributions until after graduation. The program has evolved to meet changing student and institution needs.

This collection of 12 essays addresses three themes related to the future of higher education: access, governance, and quality. The contributors represent teaching, research and management, universities, polytechnics, and colleges.

The author asserts that economic growth, national competitiveness and the supply of faculty and scholars are connected. He advances his beliefs that colleges and universities can contribute toward these goals by: increasing and strengthening school-college partnerships; giving better attention to undergraduate teaching and learning by full-time faculty; making better connections between undergraduate and graduate education; and restructuring graduate education in order to increase certainty in the length of Ph.D. programs.

Contents: Public purposes and risks of GSEs; Federal supervision and regulation of GSEs; Farm Credit System; Federal National Mortgage Association and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation; The Federal Home Loan Bank System; Student Loan Marketing Association.

No matter what the rationale for high tuition, unless it is controlled, the average American family will not be able to afford a private college or university education. What is needed is a flexible tuition prepayment plan built on cooperation among private institutions, the federal government, and investment firms. Requirements of a successful plan are outlined.

The author analyzes current computer capabilities and investigates technological innovation in the aid office. She bases her research on a national survey of financial aid directors.

The National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) examines how students who have received financial aid, and their families, pay for postsecondary education. The report contains data on nearly 70,000 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled during the 1989-90 school year, collected from more than 1,130 postsecondary institutions.

In spring 1991, in-class surveys were completed by 1,495 students enrolled in a random sample of courses at the Santa Ana and Orange campuses of Rancho Santiago College (RSC) to determine their attitudes about RSC and its programs and services. Survey results are provided.

Methodology is explained for compiling results from 1980 and subsequent years of a survey of selected high school students about receipt of postsecondary financial aid. The bulk of the document consists of 14 appendices providing copies of the data collection and processing plan, training and procedural manuals, and other materials related to the research.

This document, consisting of seven chapters, 35 figures, 395 tables, plus 22 appendix tables, provides statistical data on most aspects of United States education, both public and private, from kindergarten through graduate school. Included among data not appearing in previous editions are: expenditures for interest on school debt and capital outlay, by state; work-related training; student proficiency in mathematics content areas; student performance on mathematics tests, by state; characteristics of college faculty, by type and control of institution; and faculty salaries, by field of instruction.

This document, consisting of seven chapters, 35 figures, and 380 tables, provides statistical data on most aspects of United States education, both public and private, from kindergarten through graduate school. A short introduction highlights major findings, and each chapter contains a brief overview of significant trends.

Provided are statistical data on most aspects of United States education, public and private, elementary through graduate school. Among data not appearing in previous editions are number and level of degrees held by the population, teacher and general public opinion polls and current expenditures for public schools.

The education finance bill recently passed by the federal government has changed the funding of many programs within the Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Budget lines that gained or lost are traced, with some explanation of the changes. Prospects for the 1993 federal education research budget are reviewed.

A study of the influence of student aid awards and tuition charged on year-to-year persistence by college students in the high school class of 1980 shows persistence decisions in the early 1980s more responsive to aid than tuition increases, suggesting persistence might improve with increased need-based aid alongside tuition increases.

This literature review suggests that student aid is an effective mechanism for promoting equal educational opportunity and that the erosion in federal grant dollars has influenced an erosion in minority group access to higher education. Research findings on equal opportunity components including access, choice of school, persistence, choice of major, and earnings are reviewed.

The increased emphasis on loans during the 1980s as a major source of student financial aid has caused some in the higher education community to speculate that this shift could have detrimental effects on long-term persistence. This article examines the evolving influence of student financial aid on year-to-year persistence for three student cohorts, the high school classes of 1972, 1980, and 1982. A comparative analysis of the National Longitudinal Study and High School and Beyond Survey is presented. The findings include: (1) loans as the only form of aid were negatively associated with first-to-second-year persistence in the 1970s, but not the 1980s; and (2) all types of aid packages were positively associated with year-to-year persistence in the 1970s and 1980s.

This paper proposes models and suggests methodologies that institutions can use to conduct their own research on the impact of student financial aid, using existing data sources.

It is argued that public investment in student financial aid should be evaluated based on tax revenue returns resulting from the expenditure. A model for estimating tax revenue returns from gains in educational attainment attributable to student aid is developed, and impact of aid on access and persistence is examined.

Analysis of the effects of different student financial aid types on year-to-year persistence of high school seniors (1980) found social and educational background had differential effects at different points in the college experience; college experiences were influential, student aid had a positive effect on persistence, and loans promoted persistence.

This paper uses the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study to examine the influence of prices on within-year persistence by traditional college-age students enrolled in four-year colleges. The authors conclude that the negative association between grants and persistence by students in public colleges is an artifact, attributable to an insufficient amount of grants available to students in public colleges.

A model of college student choice for male and female ninth graders using LISREL is examined. Variables include parents’ expectations and college savings, and students’ aspirations for postsecondary education.

A comprehensive treatment of tuition and tuition policies, with special reference to Canada, but with comparative references as well.

The article investigates financial aid issues in four-year colleges. The main topics are targeting overall aid, aid packaging for different recipient groups and the role of financial aid in motivating persistence.

This study shows how students offset grant shortfalls with employment earnings. Employed and unemployed students are compared.

This paper suggests that a wide variety of factors affect college costs. Included are the significant difference in pricing between public and private sectors, state decisions about how much of their institutions’ costs will be offset by general tax revenues versus tuition and fees, and the effects of financial aid and tuition waivers.

Data include tuition charges and distribution of other basic student charges (books and supplies, transportation, personal and miscellaneous), by housing status, program level and residency status. Statistics are given for each SUNY campus.

This report presents the results of a survey of basic student charges for institutions of the State University of New York. The total student costs consist of fixed costs (tuition and fees) and variable costs (room, board, books, personal items, transportation, and miscellaneous).

In this article, we examine parental investment in higher education in terms of (1) whether parents place primary responsibility for financing a college education on themselves, their children, or the government; (2) parental accounts of their ability to handle college expenses independently; and (3) how much parents have saved for their child’s education. We contend that parental investment varies as a function of parental traits, characteristics of the child, and the number of children in the family.

This study examines the repayment success of defaulted student loan borrowers by their types of institutions, income, dependency status, types of loans, and other variables. Institutional types and academic grade level appear to have a significant effect on borrowers making payments after default.

The study looks at various guaranty cohorts and shows the proportion of a year’s loans that default in a given number of years after guaranty. The historical patterns can be applied to make projections of defaults in the future.

Since publication of the British government’s white paper, "Top-up Loans for Students" in November 1988, public debate has been confined to loan proposal merits. A proposal to exclude full-time college students from the Social Security system has been neglected. This article examines the proposal’s rationale and its implications for students.

Trends in paid employment among college students since the early 1960s are described, effects on student persistence and the financial rate of return for individual students while in college are analyzed, and possible explanations for the rising trend in employment are examined.

This paper documents the experience of one institutional participant in the Department of Education’s Institutional Quality Control Pilot Project. The Project is intended to allow participating institutions to determine verification procedures tailored to their own needs instead of having to follow rigid federal guidelines for verification of student data. Included in this analysis are background concepts, implementation processes, problems encountered, and benefits derived from engaging in this activity.

In this article the author argues that the pursuit of a free application should be subordinate to the goal of achieving procedural simplification.

The author reviews college savings and tuition pre-payment plans, discussing some of the positive and less than positive aspects of each strategy.

Explores the issue of whether minority scholarships are illegal under federal statutes or the Constitution. Concludes that, according to Title VI and Supreme Court decisions, minority scholarships would be legal when offered by private schools and by public schools that could meet the court’s requirements.

Data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) are used to provide information about recipients of Stafford loans (formerly Guaranteed Student Loans). Both the in-school component and out-of-school component of the NPSAS contributed data to the report.

This report, based on the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, provides information on how different sources and types of student financial aid were combined to produce student aid awards or packages for 34,544 undergraduate students. The report contains 54 tables, 3 figures, 12 references, and a glossary. Four appendixes include detailed tables and technical notes.

This report synthesizes experiences in a number of countries (United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Japan) on the market economy in higher education. Considered are market forces, various financial structures (institutional budgets, student funding, research infrastructure, other income, staffing), and implications for the future.

This report provides background information on national trends in student financial aid, describes financial aid programs available to Tennessee residents, and makes recommendations on financial aid issues. Recommendation topics include minorities in teacher education, state-funded work programs, financial incentives for academic achievement, and expansion of financial aid programs.

The default experience gained by TGSLC strongly indicates that the longer the student borrower stays in school, the more likely he/she is to pay back his/her student loan. Therefore, schools with short-term courses and high dropout rates generate higher default rates. TGSLC’s default history as segmented by school type confirms this. Proprietary schools average approximately 45% defaults while four-year schools average about 11.0%.

Perspectives on the student loan default problem are given by lenders, schools, state agency officials, and federal policymakers in the proceedings of a conference held in April 1988. Included are session summaries on administrative practices, debt management, and loan servicing.

Employs national data to assess the participation and degree completion status of blacks and Hispanics in U.S. graduate and professional schools. Three objectives are pursued in this regard including the identification of factors that are associated with and/or that influence the access, matriculation, and degree completion status of blacks and Hispanics in U.S. graduate and professional schools.

This testimony before the House Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education addresses the need for improving student financial aid programs administered by the Department of Education, and in particular, the Stafford Student Loan Programs. An attachment provides a list of selected General Accounting Office reports on higher education issues since 1986.

This descriptive article briefly charts the history of student financial aid, who receives such aid, and what the public perceptions are, and gives an analysis of future occupational needs and demographic changes. The author investigates various student aid myths and realities, describes what New York state is currently doing, and embraces new technologies to provide better service to students.

This paper reviews the latest projections of population and education parameters, examining them in the context of issues related to higher education financing. It also suggests new financing alternatives to meet the needs of this country’s future society.

Discussed are the history and development of higher education in the context of leadership and market influences. Also covered are trends in enrollments and finances of American colleges and universities.

Results of the Association of American Medical Colleges’ annual graduation questionnaire are examined. Changes in career activity by interest in types of practice are given.

Students enrolled in the vocational and two-year public institutions were more dependent on loans than on grant aid. The opposite was true in the four-year private schools, while students in the two-year private and four-year public schools are equally dependent on loans as on grants. This problem of loan dependence is particularly serious at the proprietary schools, where students not only depend to a great extent on loans, but where they are also incurring large loan debts because of the high costs of attending these schools.

This summary report addresses major student financial aid issues facing the U.S. Congress and the administration. Issues include the need to reduce student loan and grant program costs and for the U.S. Department of Education to have greater control over federal student financial aid programs.

Hearings focus on Titles I, VI and XI. Title I of the Higher Education Act authorizes a series of programs designed to aid the nontraditional student. Title VI provides funds for fellowships, the establishment of national resource centers, language resource centers, and business and international education programs. Title XI is partnerships for economic development and urban community service.

Hearing focuses on Titles III and VIII. Title III, Institutional Aid, provides funds to institutions of higher education that enroll large proportions of disadvantaged students and which are relatively weak financially. The goal of the program is to enable those institutions to better serve the students they enroll with a higher quality educational program. Title VIII of the Higher Education Act aids institutions of higher education in establishing cooperative education programs. Acting through partnership agreements between universities and public and private employers, cooperative education programs provide students with paid work experience that relates to the student’s career and academic study. Title VIII is one of the Federal Government’s most successful programs.

Addresses the following questions: How do college costs affect participation in postsecondary education? What are the difficulties faced by middle income families in financing postsecondary education? What are the challenges to access to postsecondary education for minority students and nontraditional students?

This is the first of a series of three hearings which addresses the integrity of the Federal student financial assistance programs.

Hearing held in Kansas City, Mo. Hearing focuses on Title IV, which provides about $20 billion a year in one form or another to over 6 million students to enable them to attend the college, university, or job training program of their choice.

This transcript of a hearing addresses the Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights (OCR) policy pertaining to racially based school scholarships, and the offer by OCR, announced the previous week, to review for Fiesta Bowl officials plans for a scholarship program named for Martin Luther King Jr. and a recently announced Department of Education policy statement on race-exclusive scholarships. An extensive appendix includes a chronology of OCR documents relating to race-exclusive scholarships; and 29 newspaper, journal and magazine articles.

Hearings focus on 3 areas: (1) how students and families try to pay for a college education; (2) critical question of the balance between grants and loans and particularly on the very real need to reverse the present trend which is so terribly on the side of loans, and (3) some supplemental aid programs, which include not only campus-based programs already in existence, but also a new idea.

The transcript of the hearing held in Teaneck, New Jersey, covers testimony from financial aid administrators, parents, students, college officials and others affected by Congressional Methodology. Prepared statements, letters, and supplemental materials are also provided.

Hearing addresses the topic of early intervention and outreach to inform students and their families about postsecondary education and student financial options.

Hearing focuses on the Pell Grant Program. The Pell Grant program is the foundation for Federal and financial assistance. This is the largest student grant program, receiving $5.38 billion in funding during this fiscal year.

First of three hearings on the Stafford loan program, which generates the largest amount of financial assistance each year.

This report presents testimony, along with prepared letters, statements, and supplemental materials, submitted before a House congressional hearing concerned with the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965 and the integrity and quality of grant and loan assistance for students.

Hearing focuses on the reorganization of the Higher Education Act of 1965 as well as student loans, the difference between grants and loans, efforts to simplify the financial aid process, improving access to minority students, and the overall amount of funds available to the various title IV programs.

As part of a series of field hearings across the nation on the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965, the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education met in Great Falls, Montana, to hear testimony specifically on access to education for children of middle class farm families in Montana. The prepared statements of the witnesses are included.

As part of a series of field hearings across the nation on the reauthorization of the Higher Education of 1965, the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education met in Pleasant Hill, California, to hear testimony specifically on access to education for children of lower and middle class families in California. Included are the prepared statements of all the witnesses.

One of 17 field hearings on the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965 occurred in Vancouver, Washington, with testimony provided regarding the topic of loans to students.

The Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, heard witnesses on how the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965 can help low income students overcome challenges to obtain postsecondary education and on how student financial aid programs can be simplified to provide easier access. The document contains the prepared statements of all the witnesses and other statements submitted by those who did not appear.

As part of the process of developing the reauthorization legislation for the Higher Education Act of 1965 and its descendants, the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education heard testimony on questions pertaining to the postsecondary education pipeline and the requirements of the future work force.

The task force report describes the characteristics of student loan defaulters and recommends ways for Congress to help retain high-risk students. GSL program management initiatives are proposed for lenders, borrowers, the Department of Education, guaranty agencies, and institutions.

This hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, addresses the implications of the anticipated failure of the Higher Education Assistance Foundation (HEAF), the largest guarantor of student loans.

To provide disadvantaged students with early intervention programs and scholarships, to encourage such students to finish high school and to obtain a college education, and to upgrade the course of study undertaken by our nation’s secondary school students, and related bills.

This hearing document presents testimony comprising prepared statements and letters that address the direct loan concept in student financial aid, and the idea of tying repayment to income (income-contingent loan) as a means of simplifying the nation’s guaranteed student loan process. Testimony focuses on the pros and cons relative to the implementation of such a program.

This report on abuses in federal student aid programs, particularly the Guaranteed Student Loan Program (GSLP), is based on information gathered by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. This investigation was prompted by a large volume increase in the program, a dramatic increase in loan defaults, and reports of waste, fraud and abuse within the GSLP.

The congressional hearing report scrutinized the role of banks, guarantee agencies, student loan secondary markets, and loan servicers in the operation of federal student aid programs.

The Congressional hearing examined abuse, mismanagement, and fraud in student loan programs focusing on the fraudulent activities of proprietary schools. Testimony focused on ways to eliminate recognized discrepancies and illegalities within the federally guaranteed student loan program.

This document presents oral testimony and prepared statements on the subject of federal student loan programs identified as particularly vulnerable to fraud, waste, and abuse.

This report provides the official analysis of the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965 submitted by Senator Kennedy along with views of minority members of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources in the Senate. The bulk of the document reproduces the legislation itself with changes, additions and deletions from the existing law indicated in brackets, italics and other typefaces.

This volume presents transcripts of seven hearings held in May 1991 on the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965. Included are the prepared statements of the witnesses as well as additional statements, correspondence and supplemental material.

The text contains the prepared statements of witnesses as well as many other statements, letters and additional materials submitted for the record.

Examines the Higher Education Act and particularly the financial implications that students and families face across the country.

This study examines how federal, state, and institutional student aid promote equal educational opportunity by lowering the net cost of education that undergraduates and their parents must pay. It also considers some possible alternative federal policies concerning student aid that the 102^nd Congress may wish to consider as it goes about reauthorizing the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended. The chapters contained in the report respond to the following areas of interest: (1) how student aid is awarded; (2) which students receive aid; (3) the amount of aid undergraduates receive; (4) what the net cost is of postsecondary education to the students and their families; and (5) the policy issues for the awarding of student aid. Appendices include the 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study data base, and basic and supplemental tables on student aid. A glossary is also included.

During its consideration of the reauthorization of the Higher Education Act (HEA), Congress is likely to debate the merits of replacing the Guaranteed Student loan (GSL) programs with a direct Federal student loan program. Direct loans could result in significant cost savings, but there are concerns about the new Federal debt needed to finance the program, the capability of the U.S. Department of Education to manage it, and potential disruption a change could cause in the flow of loans to students.

Authority for GSL programs provided by Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA) expires at the end of FY 1992. This paper describes the existing GSL programs, analyzes the GSL budget and certain changes that have been made in the calculation, and reviews major issues relating to GSLs that may arise during reauthorization. Appendices trace the GSL programs’ history through major legislative changes, summarize statistics on program participation, and analyze data trends.

This self-administered training course in student aid administration contains 17 modules, including Course Study Guide and Introduction to the Field; Support Booklet for the Self-Instructional Course; Legislative and Regulatory Process; Roles and Responsibilities of the Financial Aid Office; Title IV Institutional and Program Eligibility; General Student Eligibility; Cost of Attendance; Need Analysis; Award Packaging; Pell Grants; Stafford, SLS, and PLUS Loans; Campus-Based Programs; Verification; Authorization, Fiscal Operations, and Reporting; Internal Aid Office Management and Institutional Quality Control; Forms and Publications; and Evaluation of Student Aid Management.

Final federal regulations through September 1989 for student financial aid and related concerns are listed in this publication. Regulations cover the following areas: family educational rights and privacy; institutional eligibility under the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended; student assistance general provision; Paul Douglas Teacher Scholarship Program; Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program; Income Contingent Loan Program; Perkins Loan Program; Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant Program; College Work-Study Program; Guaranteed Student Loan Program (now called Stafford Loan Program); Pell Grant Program; and State Student Incentive Grant Program.

This report presents an analysis of the debt levels and debt burdens of recent college graduates, based on student-reported data from four national surveys taken over the period 1977 to 1986. Debt level is the total amount of education loans owed at the time of graduation. Debt burden is the ratio of debt repayment to gross income during the first year of graduation.

The vocational/technical, or proprietary (for profit) school students were especially dependent on the program: More than two out of every three proprietary students borrowed under Stafford. Stafford loans comprised no less than 50 percent of all aid to proprietary school students.

This guide to cost management for institutions of higher education presents a methodology based on reducing "support services costs" (services that maintain rather than directly contribute to teaching, research or community service) thereby achieving the fiscal goal while maintaining the institution’s mission. Chapter I describes the scope of and reasons for escalating costs at universities, explains current practices designed to contain costs, the limitations of these practices, and offers an alternative approach based on analytical techniques developed in the private sector. Chapter 2 summarizes the alternative concept of cost management offered in the previous section. Chapter 3 describes the process by which a university can assess the cost of its support services, with the goals of identifying opportunities to improve service delivery and reduce costs.

The report presents and analyzes a series of tables that describe selected aspects of the Pell program activity.

Contents: Part I: The problem; Part II: What postsecondary institutions can do; Part III: What lenders can do; Part IV: What guarantee agencies can do; Part V: What accrediting agencies can do; Part VI: What states can do; Part VII: Federal government responsibilities.

The Congressional Methodology (CM) is the need analysis methodology prescribed by law for use in calculating a student’s family contribution (FC) under the three campus-based programs—Perkins Loans, Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants (SEOG), and College Work-Study (CWS)--as well as the Stafford Loan and Income Contingent Loan Programs. The family contribution is the amount a student and his or her family are expected to contribute toward the student’s educational expenses during the academic year.

Contends that college students stay in school at higher rates when they receive grants or scholarships.

This booklet presents a step-by-step explanation of how the U.S. Department of Education calculates the "Pell Grant Index" (or PGI) for a Pell Grant applicant, which is the measure of a student’s eligibility for a Pell Grant.

Describes student aid programs of the U.S. Department of Education, eligibility requirements, and application procedures for academic year 1991-92.

Describes student aid programs of the U.S. Department of Education, eligibility requirements, and application procedures for academic year 1989-90.

Describes student aid programs of the U.S. Department of Education, eligibility requirements, and application procedures for academic year 1988-89.

In response Higher Education Amendments of 1986 requirements, this report addresses the impact of the two-year-old Student Loan Consolidation Program.

Debt collection is examined, including principal findings on improved delinquency rates, establishing time frames to determine collectibility, factors that hamper collection efforts and the GAO Inspector General’s recommendation linking Medicare reimbursements to debt recovery. Comments from the Department of Health and Human Services are appended.

Summarizes data on the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools, Accrediting Council for Continuing Education and Training, Association of Independent Colleges and Schools, National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences, National Association of Trade and Technical Schools, National Home Study Council, and Southern Association of Colleges and Schools’ Commission on Occupational Education Institutions.

Partial contents: What functions are performed by or on behalf of guaranty agencies in administering the guaranteed student loan program? What specific collection practices are used that affect Federal costs? How extensively do guaranty agencies use private collection contractors, how are contracts awarded, and how are contractors compensated and evaluated? How extensively do the guaranty agencies use litigation against defaulters, who performs this litigation, what factors influence the decision to litigate, and what difficulties are encountered in obtaining and enforcing judgments? What do guaranty agencies consider to be their most successful collection techniques?

Concludes that vocational school students default at higher rates than other students, that independent students default at higher rates than dependent students, and that borrowers who attended school for one year or less default at higher rates than those who continued beyond one year.

Since 1965, the Department of Education, through 47 loan guaranty agencies, has paid over $4 billion to lenders for defaulted loans made through the Guaranteed Student Loan Program. Increasing default costs prompted GAO to evaluate whether the policies and procedures used by the Department and the guaranty agencies in paying default claims adequately protect the federal government’s financial interest and minimize unnecessary federal insurance costs.

Information for the 7,800 institutions includes default rate, number of borrowers in default, and total dollar value of defaulted loans. Also included are the results of a survey given to more than one million borrowers in 1983, and default rates by institutional type and program length.

Discusses the financing of guarantee agencies under the Department of Education’s Guaranteed Student Loan Program. The major issue in the report is GAO’s finding that reserves exceed the risks guarantee agencies are asked to assume, at the expense of the federal government and student borrowers.

Multistate guaranty agencies, such as the Higher Education Assistance Foundation (HEAF) and United Student Aid Funds (USAF), are compared with single-state guaranty agencies. Major areas examined are insuring loans and paying defaults, agency activities, and default rates.

Provisions in the Higher Education Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-498), which require guaranty agencies and lenders to report information on Stafford student loan program borrowers to credit bureaus, are examined. The purpose of these provisions is to promote greater borrower responsibility and repayment of student loans. The report addresses how 38 guaranty agencies and 18 lenders implemented these provisions, and analyzes the effect on students according to whether or not they repay their loans.

Until late 1986, when the Department of Education revised its regulations, guaranty agencies had considerable discretion in how they collected defaulted student loans, and loan collection practices varied. The new regulations standardized these procedures and made them more stringent. If properly implemented, they should help reduce federal default costs. Additional legislative and regulatory changes would further reduce student loan default costs and increase federal revenue.

Default-reduction options are presented by program-participant groups: students, schools, lenders, guaranty agencies, and the Department of Education. The 30 options recommend areas in which federal agencies can standardize policies, assess new penalties, or tighten controls.

This report was prepared to determine lenders’ rates of return or profitability on Stafford loans in their portfolios, reasons for varying levels of profitability among institutions that hold such loans, and the effect of 1986 subsidy reductions on these lenders’ profitability. The study focused on the activities of lenders that purchase Stafford loans in the secondary market. Appendices describe the study methodology, display data supporting the report’s figures, and present comments from the financial institutions examined.

The General Accounting Office reviewed 18 relevant studies and analyzed existing data from the High School and Beyond Survey of 58,728 students to determine students’ and parents’ knowledge of federal financial aid for postsecondary education. It was found that students and parents knew very little about financial aid and held erroneous views about financial aid and school costs.

This study evaluates the ability of medical residents to repay their Stafford loan debt with a two-year repayment deferment limit. Data on 1990 medical school graduates was used to compare medical residents’ educational debt burdens to a financial hardship indicator.

The Department of Education’s process for estimating costs of the Pell Grant Program is described.

Reports that most recipients of Pell Grants were full-time, first year, independent students and over one third had no income. Estimates that it would cost $651 million more to raise the maximum award from 60 percent to 100 percent of the cost of attendance for those with no income.

Weaknesses in the Department of Education’s policies, practices, and procedures for recovering Perkins Student Loan fund assets from schools that go out of business are examined.

This report reviews the financial soundness of the Perkins Loan Program and explores options for making the program less financially dependent on additional federal appropriations to cover operating costs and default losses.

Four different types of tuition-guarantee programs for disadvantaged students are examined to determine their characteristics, key issues, and effectiveness.

This report presents an evaluation of the Department of Education’s data base on Stafford Loans and discusses how the Department can use the information to prevent loan abuses.

This study measures the effects of lowering the special allowance on Stafford Students Loans. Results indicated that a lower special allowance should cause little change in the volume of Stafford lending and would yield significant program savings.

This statement examined student and parent knowledge of college costs and student aid and tuition-guarantee program effectiveness.

Looks at college students receiving federal financial aid in addition to athletic scholarships.

Provides information on activities of the First Independent Trust Company (FITCO) of Carmichael, California and the loans it made to students participating in the Stafford Student Loan Program until FITCO was closed in May 1989.

Report identifies the following nine defaulter characteristics: (1) attended vocational/trade schools, (2) had low income, (3) had little financial support, (4) had minority backgrounds, (5) lacked high-school diplomas, (6) failed to complete their education programs, (7) attended school for 1 year or less, (8) borrowed small amounts, and (9) were unemployed when defaulting.

Report examines whether federal savings can be expected by replacing Stafford student loans with direct loans under a direct loan program proposed by the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges (NASULGC). The administrative responsibilities that would accrue to educational institutions and the Department of Education from direct lending are also reviewed.

Information is provided on the possible impact of revised eligibility requirements on the volume of Supplemental Loans for Students.

Fiscal year 1987, 1988, and 1989 loan volume and default rate data is presented for the ten largest Supplemental Loans for Students lenders from nine guaranty agencies.

Presents statistical information on the volume of loans made to students attending proprietary and other postsecondary educational institutions, and on the amount of SLS defaulted loans.

Partial contents: Public policy and college opportunity; open admissions and its outcomes: ethnic differences in long-term educational attainment; the case for the community college; can black colleges solve the problem of access for black students?; educating women; success in doctoral programs; financial aid, college entry, and affirmative action.

Results of the Maryland Longitudinal Study of 772 students entering the University of Maryland in fall 1980 are given by employment status, gender, racial-ethnic group, housing status, grade point average and persistence. Implications of the results and suggestions for actions to assist working students are discussed.

Data from 633 respondents is organized by program completion, age, gender, racial-ethnic group, residence status and socio-economic status. Also covered is recipient opinion of CSP aid.

As college costs soar, more and more families struggle with the task of planning for a future liability—a child’s college education—whose cost threatens to escalate beyond their reach. A combination of optimal investment planning and effective tax strategies should, over time, provide an adequate pool of funds for meeting college expenses.

Debt levels and debt burdens of recent college graduates are presented. Data are student-reported from four national surveys spanning the period 1977 to 1986.

This article is a revised version of testimony to the National Commission on Responsibilities for Financing Postsecondary Education presented by the author. It advances a high financial aid to tuition equity model as a strategy to cope with dwindling state-tax-supported institutional budgets.

This report provides the most recent and complete statistics available on student aid in the 1980s. The data series upon which the report is based provides comparable statistics over time for the major providers of student aid in postsecondary education: the federal government, state governments, and educational institutions.

This report provides statistics on student aid in the 1980s and 1990s, complementing the publication, "Trends in Student Aid: 1963 to 1983." The data series upon which the report is based provides comparable statistics over time for the major providers of student aid in postsecondary education: the federal government, state governments, and educational institutions.

This report provides statistics on student aid in the 1980s and 1990s, complementing the publication, "Trends in Student Aid: 1963 to 1983." The data series upon which the report is based provides comparable statistics over time for the major providers of student aid in postsecondary education: the federal government, state governments, and educational institutions.

The trend of excessive tuition increases, in terms of economic standards and the mission and characteristics of higher education, is clouding the current state of higher education. Although there are sound reasons for tuition increases, the current approach to setting tuition should be altered and moderated.

This report examines the effects of reauthorization on borrowing patterns and financial risks of TGSLC student loan borrowers, including need analysis issues, loan limits, and borrowing trends at two-year, four-year, and proprietary schools.

A report of Texas Guaranteed Student Loan Corporation Stafford borrowers by their academic majors/fields of study.

Survey results cover student information, such as ethnic origin, gender, and major, as well as financial aid from various sources and data taken from need-analysis forms. Population characteristics were inferred by exploring the possibility of statistically significant relationships between key variables.

The effect of undergraduate indebtedness after college graduation on the decision to pursue a graduate degree was studied for 899 individuals from the High School and Beyond study. Level of undergraduate debt was not a significant choice determinant.

An analysis of Anne Arundel Community College’s successful scholarship fund-raising drive in 1985. The campaign began with an account balance of $30,000; today scholarships funds total over $450,000.

Annual report examines the number, dollar amount, percent of awards, and percent of award dollars to Rhode Island State Grant applicants who received awards, forfeited awards, were on late applicants’ waiting lists, or demonstrated no financial need for awards. Applicants in these categories are grouped by high school attended, residence, class, age, income, postsecondary institutional choice, dependency status, and gender.

This survey attempts to determine why students did not accept Rhode Island State Grant award offers, attempts to determine whether lack of finances was a major reason applicants did not attend postsecondary institutions, and if timing of award offers affects students’ decisions to attend.

Examined are data from registrar and financial aid office records that were updated at the end of the academic year for more than 59,000 sample students. Results are given by institutional type, program type, types of aid, employment status and dollar amounts.

This report on the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study describes education expenses of undergraduates enrolled in fall 1986 by institution control and level, residency status, attendance status and, selected student characteristics. Because of wide variations, education expenses are presented separately by housing status, enrollment status, and full-year versus part-year attendance.

This study describes how institutions participating in the Quality Control Pilot Project have found that establishing their own verification procedures, unique to their student populations, is more effective than verification regulated by the Department of Education.

The article reviews changes since the 1970s in British higher education finance, including the original University Grants, economic influences, and the impact of the 1988 Education Reform Act, which established the University Funding Council and the Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council.

This study was conducted to determine if emergency loans influence student retention. The study found that emergency loans have little or no effect on increasing the likelihood of a student remaining in college.

A study of the impact of student characteristics and institutional practices on guaranteed student loan default rates in California. Examines default behavior among a large sample of students attending California proprietary schools and community colleges in 1982-83. Assesses the relative impact of student and institutional characteristics, and administrative practices thought to help curb loan defaults. Results indicate that, within the limits of the data, default rates stem chiefly from students’ background characteristics, rather than characteristics or administrative practices of the institutions they attend.

In addition to current data on minorities in higher education this report highlights the declining college participation of black males. Since black men have experienced the greatest slippage in enrollments and number of degrees earned, and the least progress in the number of faculty positions held, it is essential to analyze factors contributing to this decline. In our special focus we outline the critical nature of this problem and recommend areas that need further research and policy development.

The federal government stepped in late last year with a nationwide program to give tax breaks, beginning in 1990, to parents who buy U.S. Savings Bonds to pay for their children’s higher education. State officials must now decide whether to scrap their own college-payment plans or to go ahead and risk seeing the plans fail because of federal competition.

Many factors are examined regarding tuition and fees, including economic indicators, rising income of parents and students and increased state appropriations. Also discussed are the economic recession of the early 1980s and intervention by public policymakers.

Commentary on the issue’s feature article, "Toward the Use of a Single Need Analysis (or Virtue May Be More Than Its Own Reward)" by Frederick J. Fischer.

Addressed is the financing of higher education opportunities in California, as well as the impact of current financial aid on students. Examined are public attitudes toward college costs and student financial aid, and parents’ and students’ attitudes toward California’s financial aid system.

A simulated study of the effects of the new need analysis changes that impact the pool of aid applicants eligible for CAL Grant A’s. Results indicate that the eligible applicant pool increased by 23 percent.

Examines national policies for distributing the costs of higher education among students, parents, and taxpayers, with special reference to debates in England over the introduction of student loans.

Student loan systems in both developed and developing countries are discussed. Issues examined include loan size, eligibility criteria and repayment terms.

Recent research demonstrates that many countries are asking similar policy questions about financing higher education yet formulating different answers. No government seems entirely satisfied with current methods of sharing higher education costs, and many are simultaneously introducing changes in their institutional funding and student aid programs.

This report summarizes an International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) forum held in Paris, France, in September 1989. Recent changes in industrialized countries’ systems of financial support for students in higher education were reviewed, with particular attention on student loans as a primary means of providing financial support.

This report summarizes an International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) forum held in Genting, Malaysia, on November 6-8, 1990. Discussions included the experience of student loans in Australia, the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and arguments for and against loans as a primary means of financial support for students.

This study confirms the hypothesis that four-year renewable scholarships encourage student persistence in college compared to individuals who receive only a single-year scholarship.

Advantages of four-year renewable scholarships are given, including student persistence, financial relief, institution-student commitment and a sense of responsibility due to the honor and recognition. Institutions are encouraged to consider using renewable scholarships.

This overview highlights the problems and challenges that American Indians have faced regarding higher education. One certainty is that the federal government must renew its support for at-risk college students. Society can no longer afford excluding populations simply because they are different from the mainstream or prefer to remain within their own cultural contexts. All evidence suggests that Indian students and their families want equal educational opportunities.

Listings provide information on postsecondary financial aid that parents and student can use to apply. Sections include sources of general information for all levels, undergraduate and graduate opportunities by academic area and postdoctoral opportunities.

If higher education as an industry forges a commitment to cost containment, then most small colleges will find themselves caught between a rock and a hard place, particularly if the industry’s price leaders use a significant portion of their cost savings to limit their tuition increases.

Successful efforts to improve minority college student retention are discussed. Included are programs to expand educational horizons and aspiration, minority-directed services, promotion of cultural diversity and reorganization of financial aid packaging.

This report discusses the origins and nature of state policies that may affect private non-profit institutions of higher education. Analysis is based on surveys to State Higher Education Executive Officers on the importance of State policies on higher education. The report explores the relationship between states’ attitudes toward private postsecondary institutions and state appropriations and policies that affect these institutions.

The author examines the effect of changes from Uniform Methodology (UM) to Congressional Methodology (CM) at her college by calculating a sample selected for analysis using both methodologies. The results show that Stafford Loan Program eligibility is reduced under CM by an overall average of $234 with an even more pronounced discrepancy for upperclass students of $557.