This discussion of the financing of health professions education looks at a variety of influences, including enrollment change over the last few decades, federal involvement, growth in higher education, drops in federal and state support, and the impact on costs borne by students. Possible directions are examined.

This briefing paper presents a synthesis of data on early eligibility determination which provides middle- and secondary-school students and their parents with individualized information about their eligibility for financial aid to pay for higher education.

This Advisory Committee’s final report presents study activities, findings, and recommendations for the simplification of the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP). The Committee recommended consolidation of FFELP participants, creation of a single loan program with standard terms and conditions, refinancing provisions, and integration of the loan process into the existing Title IV delivery system.

This advisory report investigates the possible simplification of the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) and considers the issue of federal direct lending. The evaluation indicates that complexity in FFELP is due to multiple, overlapping loan programs with conflicting terms and conditions. Nonstandard policies, procedures, forms, and processes also plague the program, in addition to burdensome legislative and regulatory requirements.

This paper offers proposals for streamlining and simplifying the federal student loan programs in light of legislative and budgetary changes during the early part of the Clinton Administration. The recommendations are based on 35 proposals submitted by institutions, associations, guaranty agencies, secondary markets, lenders, and loan servicing organizations.

A study was implemented by the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance to determine specific legislative, regulatory, or administrative sources of complexity and burden in student loan programs under Part B of the Higher Education Act of 1965, and to recommend enhancements that will have positive effects on loan delivery and collection systems for those programs. The report details the findings concerning the effects of each of these complexity sources on students and schools. Five appendices contain data on student loan commitments, borrower patterns, program interest rates, annual loan limits by program, and deferment categories.

This annual report of the Alabama Commission on Higher Education comprehensively describes Alabama’s student financial assistance programs. Tables and a graph indicate: the number of awards, the average award, and the total amount awarded for Alabama’s student assistance programs; the number of loans guaranteed by the AGSLP from 1981-1994; and the number of AGSLP borrowers from 1981-1994.

This annual report describes the activities of the Alaska Commission on Postsecondary Education during the 1992-93 fiscal year, and the administration of the various student financial aid programs under its direction. It discusses the Commission’s mandate, membership, goals, and current functions, including priorities for the coming year and new program directions.

This report briefly summarizes Alaska’s student financial aid programs and the participation levels for 1991-92.

An evaluative study was conducted by the Senate of the University of Alberta on the status of student financial aid and financial need. The evaluation was conducted through interviews, information gathering, discussion, and collection of reports. The report offers 28 recommendations for improvement. Extensive appendices contain lists of terms, methodology information, policies, fee schedules, information gathered by the Task Force, and a 37-item bibliography.

A broader form of cost recovery for higher education, repayment in-kind through national or community service is considered. The focus is on the experience of developing countries, where such programs for students and graduates emphasize personal development rather than potential contribution to society. Ways of redesigning programs to constitute a form of cost recovery is discussed.

This report presents an analysis of the debt levels and debt burdens of recent 4-year college graduates, based on student-reported data from five national surveys taken over the period 1977 to 1990. Overall, the report concludes that most college students are not overly burdened by their educational loans, except those who work at extremely low-paying jobs. The appendix contains data tables showing debt burden by bachelor’s degree.

This collection of 16 essays explores the effects and implications of the changing relationship between external societal influences and academic institutions in the United States.

This book contains papers presented at a conference that focus on the subject of funding for higher education and providing comparative perspectives on, and case studies of, educational financing from around the world.

This analysis used 1987 national student aid data to examine the influence of prices on within-year persistence by graduate students. Results indicated that graduate students, especially in public institutions, are responsive to tuition charges. It is suggested that institutions carefully examine the potential impact of changes in student costs.

A variety of national data sources concerning proprietary schools were used to examine the general attributes of such schools, the kinds of training offered, student characteristics, amount and type of student financial aid available to the students, and student costs for training.

A chart offers data on federal appropriations for education in the following areas: student assistance; graduate support; institutional aid; bilingual education; library resources; aid to disadvantaged students; education for disabled students; and miscellaneous programs. Data are for fiscal 1994 spending, fiscal 1995 presidential request, fiscal 1995 approved by house and senate, and fiscal 1995 signed by the president.

Short pieces discuss employment opportunities for Hispanic college graduates at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, growth of Hispanic college fraternities and sororities, college scholarships for Hispanic women awarded by Mary Kay Cosmetics, participation by Hispanic college art students in renovation of a bank mural, and the sixth annual Tejano Student Unity Weekend Conference (San Marcos, Texas).

This dissertation concludes an investigation into federal policies of higher education funding and how they affect the ways in which adult African-American students react to and continue their education. While African-Americans have made gains in higher education since passage of the original Higher Education Act 27 years ago, it is clear that the federal government has failed in its attempt to achieve the goals outlined in the original Higher Education Act of 1965. Retention, drop out, and conflict with the prison/justice system have caused stress for this group of students. The findings of this study identified key components of the Higher Education Act of 1992, Titles I-IV, which have had a fiscal impact upon the matriculation of African-American students in higher education.

This document provides statistical data on the breadth of higher education activities in the state of North Carolina for the 1993-94 academic year ranging from simple counts of enrollment and degrees conferred to complex analyses of the flow of student transfers among institutions. The report is designed to provide legislators, educators, and other interested citizens of North Carolina with a statistical account of higher education that explains who is being educated, where they are being educated, and the resources supporting their education.

This report lists the typical tuition and required fees and room and board charges for academic year 1993-94 at more than 5,000 of the 5,700 four-year, two-year, and public less-than-two-year postsecondary institutions in the United States and its outlying areas.

This report represents an updated edition (fiscal years 1989-90 data are combined) of the State Higher Education Profiles (SHEP) report providing statistics and indicators on enrollment, revenues and costs, financial aid, degrees and other formal awards conferred, and faculty compensation for accredited institutions throughout the United States and Puerto Rico. It also indexes each state’s statistics to the national average for that statistic and ranks states on selected statistics for the 1990 year.

This report presents 22 tables of revenue and expenditure data on the nation’s accredited institutions of higher education over the 9-year period from fiscal year 1984 through fiscal year 1992. Data are from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) "Finance" surveys from fiscal year 1987 through fiscal year 1992 and the Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) from fiscal year 1984 through fiscal year 1986. These surveys collected information on revenues and expenditures, expenditures on scholarships and fellowships, and other financial data.

Causes of the emerging perception among middle-income students that their educational opportunities are being restricted are discussed, and potential solutions are offered, including controlling college costs and encouraging saving and borrowing. The role of information and of values and priorities in helping middle-income families pay for college are emphasized.

This article compares higher education and health care affordability, discussing overall expenditures, the role of government, the impact on private business, social values, institutional confidence, and demand factors. It argues that, although college affordability is a serious problem, it will not dominate future public policy debates to the same degree that health care affordability has in recent years.

This article provides a proposal for solving the problem of college affordability.

This study explains recent changes in financial aid opportunities for college students resulting from changes in the Higher Education Act. In addition to federal changes, state changes in student financial aid under consideration are discussed. The article focuses on the role of the admission staff in promoting the character of the institution’s financial aid program to students, parents, and school counselors.

The original World War II G.I. Bill fully subsidized education or job training for 7.8 million veterans, making college a realistic expectation rather than an impossible dream, and enabled millions to move to and develop the suburbs. This article examines the long term impact of the G.I. Bill from both a social and economic perspective.

This report contains information about the level, distribution, and characteristics of federal support to institutions of higher education. The National Science Foundation annually collects statistical data by survey from the 15 federal agencies that account for virtually all support for science and engineering (Stet) research and development at educational institutions. In addition, data are reported on the agencies’ obligations to nonprofit institutions. This survey system is the sole source of data on federal funding for S&E and non-S&E activities. The data from these tables make it possible to examine the patterns of support for individual institutions and to compare patterns among institutions.

This paper examines the impact and implications for the nation’s 104 historically black colleges and universities of the final regulations published in the April 29, 1994, "Federal Register," and traces both the legislative and regulatory history of Part H of the Higher Education Act provisions.

This report evaluates Department of Education opportunities to consolidate overlapping education programs, to find cost savings, and to strengthen its "gatekeeping" over schools’ participation in student financial aid programs.

This report presents the testimony of the Associate Director of Education and the Employment Issues of the Health, Education, and Human Services Division of the General Accounting Office (GAO) concerning the participation of postsecondary institutions in the Direct Loan Program, which makes direct student loans to students. It reports on a study of 102 institutions that are participating in the Direct Loan Program during its first year of operation, which began July 1, 1994.

This testimony discusses the role that individual student grants play in reducing the dropout rate of minority college students, and presents the results of research on the effects of grants and loans on college attendance. Conclusions are based on the High School and Beyond longitudinal study, which followed representative 1980 high school graduates and their families through 1986.

The purpose of this study was to describe the individual, family, and institutional characteristics of those students who assumed Guaranteed Student Loans, and to examine the variables that predicted the amount of student loans assumed.

Student aid can help increase the number of well-educated minority and disadvantaged students. The Justice Department has labeled it a price discount. The difference between a discount and an educational investment derives from whether providing aid increases or decreases net resources available to the college to spend on other purposes.

In the debate over the rationale for college student financial aid, the key question is whether providing aid increases or decreases the net resources available to the college to fulfill its mission. For some institutions, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, student aid may function as an investment.

This summary report presents major findings of a study comparing repayment of student loans and the impact of educational debt on students’ life decisions in 1985 and 1991. The report addresses the following issues: increases in loan debt; amount of annual payments; growth in income; trends in debt service as a percent of income; other loan programs reported by Stafford borrowers; borrower debt and demographics; degree to which debt affected borrowers; borrower debt and income by highest degree obtained; income and payments by debt levels; and loan program variables at the time of borrowing.

This monograph consists of a brief discussion of the methodology of a study comparing repayment of student loans and the impact of educational debt on students’ life decisions in 1985 and 1991, as well as of extensive tables, profiles, and appendices which detail the study’s findings.

This report presents a course of action that California and its higher education campuses could pursue in response to economic conditions that have undercut the quality and equality of the system. Twelve actions are recommended to increase undergraduate educational opportunities for California residents, such as the following: exclude all out-of-state undergraduates from public colleges; suspend new admissions to master’s degree programs in arts and science; and allow California students to use state aid out of state.

This essay discusses the financial problems faced by higher education institutions in the United States and advances possible solutions to these difficulties. Policy issues that need to be addressed include: (1) who should receive higher education; (2) who should pay for higher education; and (3) what role should state and federal support play. Institutional solutions focus on making do with less, doing the same with less, changing the educational delivery system, and sharpening and differentiating institutional missions.

This book examines the recent and changing financial circumstances of the independent liberal arts college in America through financial and economic analysis and a discussion of educational purpose and mission.

A survey of 437 pediatricians graduating between 1981 and 1987 found that men and whites were significantly more likely to have trained in subspecialties rather than chosen primary care practice. Type of medical school attended and level of educational debt were not significantly related.

This study investigated the effectiveness of exit interviews as tools for reducing or predicting student loan delinquencies and found a relationship between repayment and completion of the exit interview. Interview completion was related to academic level and race. Type of exit interview (personal or mail) was not related to repayment delinquency.

The administration of the various Federal financial aid programs under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 involves a complex set of legal relationships, including contracts between the institution and the Federal government, and between the Federal government and other parties. This pamphlet discusses management issues surrounding these financial aid programs. It is intended to provide campus counsel with both an overview and a practical description of the structure and operation of these programs.

This report examines the changes that occurred in college student financial aid between 1986-87 and 1989-90 by comparing students receiving various forms of aid in the fall of 1986 with those receiving aid in the fall of 1989. The data used were derived from the 1987 and 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies (NPSAS). The overall focus of the report is on changes in the characteristics of undergraduate students who received financial aid and in the amounts they received.

This report describes how undergraduates finance their postsecondary education by presenting data from the 1990 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study. The report discusses the characteristics of undergraduate students and where they attend school, as well as the costs of attendance, and the characteristics of the students who receive federal financial aid. The report describes the characteristics of state and institutional aid recipients as well as the average amount of aid they received from these sources, and provides a broader view of how undergraduates finance their postsecondary education by using a variety of financial resources to help meet attendance costs.

This guide presents information in context with comprehensive eligibility, application, and benefit profiles of the student aid programs administered by the California Student Aid Commission. Used in conjunction California with the Financial Aid for Students Workbook, this guide will help financial aid specialists provide students with updated information on California’s major financial aid programs and application requirements.

Presented in both English and Spanish language formats, this workbook explains how California residents can qualify for and obtain student financial aid in the form of federal and state grants and loans, work-study programs, institutional grants, federal campus-based programs, and Federal Family Education Loan Program loans. A calendar of critical dates for college-bound high school students is provided on the inside cover.

This brief pamphlet is a financial planning and repayment guide designed to help college students make informed decisions about participating in Federal Family Educational Loan Programs as administered in California through the California Student Aid Commission. Student rights and responsibilities are listed and the various Federal Family Educational Loan Programs are described.

This book provides the responses received from 155 colleges and universities concerning the schools’ admission trends, their student admissions for the 1992-93 academic year, and what traits colleges are looking for in the 1993 incoming class. The book alphabetically lists the colleges along with their responses.

California state legislators are showing a lack of long-term leadership and vision in their planning for the state’s higher education needs as indicated in their recent decisions regarding increased tuition and fees. Student fee policy is one of the most important aspects of State higher education policy. Of equal importance are state policies on such matters as student financial aid, faculty productivity, and new or improved physical facilities. This article argues that in light of demographic changes taking place, the role of education in shaping a labor force and other considerations, a comprehensive State policy concerning higher education is required.

The decline of aid-blind college admissions complicates both the admissions and financial aid processes. Institutions will have to revise recruitment procedures to draw the best students. Financial aid will be one element in those procedures, depending on the relative wealth of the institution.

This paper provides recommendations for the development, implementation, and evaluation of a demonstration program designed to assess direct lending as a replacement for the current federal student loan program. The concluding opinion of the report is that the proposed demonstration project should remain a pilot program until it can be demonstrated that direct lending is the better alternative.

This report uses data from the 1989-90 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study to examine the use of loans to finance postsecondary education. This survey provides detailed information about students’ expenses for education, sources of funds, and types of financial aid received as well as information on students’ demographic, socioeconomic, and enrollment characteristics. Data are presented separately for undergraduates, graduate students, and first-professional degree students and address variations in borrowing by student and institutional characteristics, characteristics of borrowers and non-borrowers, and borrowing in relation to need and other financial aid.

This report profiles graduate and first-professional students enrolled in postsecondary institutions in 1989-90, and describes their education expenses, the sources and types of financial aid they received, the composition of their aid awards, and the availability of other sources of financial support, such as their own and spouse’s earnings and savings, and assistance from parents and friends. Chapters provide profiles of graduate and first-professional students, the costs related to enrollment in a graduate or first-professional program, discuss the various sources and types of financial assistance used by graduate and first-professional students provide information on the composition of student financial aid awards, and look at sources of student financial support beyond financial aid.

This publication presents a set of eight recommended reforms and improvements for delivering financial aid to postsecondary students via the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP). For each recommendation there are specific recommended actions with detailed explanation, rationale, regulatory and statutory references, and places where the recommendation is or has been implemented.

This report proposes reform recommendations in the Federal Student Loan Program that are intended to reduce government (and taxpayer) costs, allow for the incorporation of the National Service Initiative, and provide more flexible repayment terms for borrowers. The proposal provides for an evaluation period for direct government lending, the adoption of broad student loan program simplification, and the reform of student loan delivery and financing systems providing a budget savings to the government of more than $4.7 billion over 5 years.

This article reviews national policy developments in financing higher education, student financial aid, affirmative action, and education reform that have a direct impact on college admissions. Authors provide "food for thought" on ways that recent policy developments in these areas may affect the college admissions process.

The need for a system of price indexes for colleges and universities is discussed. First, past efforts to develop price indexes are reviewed, dating back to 1952 and highlighting two specific indexes, the Higher Education Price Index (HEPI) and the Uniform Price Index Calculation System (UPICS). The report concluded that higher education needs its own indexes to reflect the complexity of functions and objects of expense.

This report provides statistical data illustrating trends in student aid from 1985 to 1995, including revised figures for the 1990s. In addition, it details changes in the costs of attending college and in family incomes. The data represent virtually all federal aid and the vast majority of state and institutional assistance available to students in postsecondary education. All data are reported in constant (adjusted for inflation) dollars, as well as in current dollars.

This report summarizes Colorado student aid program expenditures for the 1993-94 fiscal year. The report provides figures for need-based grants, merit-based grants, work-study, diversity grants, matching funds for the federal Perkins Student Loan Program and State Student Incentive Grants, nursing scholarships, and other categorical programs.

This report describes recent changes in the tuition and fee policies of the Colorado Commission on Higher Education (CCHE) and the compliance of 1994-95 tuition rates with CCHE policy and state legislation requirements. The review found that, overall, governing boards were in compliance with the state legislation.

This report summarizes Colorado student aid program expenditures for 1992-93. An explanation of the various types of student financial aid offered in Colorado is also provided. These include need-based grants, merit-based grants, Colorado work-study, diversity grants, required federal match grants, the Colorado nursing scholarship program, and categorical programs.

This report presents findings from the annual tuition and fee survey of public two- and four-year colleges and universities in the state of Colorado. It presents the survey findings in a comparative summary format. The report shows that all governing boards complied with all the policies set forth by the Colorado Commission on Higher Education.

This report reviews the status of government agencies and operations that have been identified as "high risk" for waste, fraud, abuse, and mismanagement. It also describes successful progress in some agencies, and looks at recent reform legislation.

This publication discusses areas of concern in the Department of Education’s management and oversight of postsecondary student financial aid programs, especially the Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP), the Federal Direct Student Loan Program (FDSLP), and the Federal Pell Grant Program.

This report presents the results of an audit of the Principal Financial Statements of the Department of Education’s Federal Family Education Loan Program and its internal controls and compliance with laws and regulations for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1992. The report details the following findings: (1) the Statement of Cash Flows were found to be reliable in all material respects; (2) internal controls in operation were ineffective in protecting assets and assuring that there were no material misstatements in the Principal Statements; and (3) no material noncompliance with laws and regulations was detected.

This hearing transcript presents testimony on National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) rules related to payments to student athletes. Testimony was heard from individuals and groups concerned with the influence of money on college athletics, unethical and illegal payments to college athletes, the exploitation of college athletes by colleges and universities, and the issue of whether institutions should pay stipends to college athletes.

The House Subcommittee on Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations met to hear testimony from leaders in government and higher education on managing the Federal Direct Student Loan Program. Focus was on the Department of Education’s plans to correct existing management problems of the Guaranteed Student Loan Program and implement the additional responsibilities of managing a direct lending loan program.

This hearing addresses veterans’ education assistance programs administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs. A special focus is the Montgomery G.I. Bill.

This document presents testimony and prepared statements concerning the allegations of fraud, abuse, and mismanagement in the Federal Pell Grant program and the effectiveness of the Department of Education in detecting and responding to these problems.

This hearing transcript presents testimony concerning minority participation and retention in higher education with emphasis on implications for student aid programs. The testimony in general pointed to the low, and in some cases declining, rates of participation by blacks, latinos, and other minorities in higher education in the United States. Much testimony was also critical of federal student aid initiatives, such as the Pell Grant program, for not providing enough money to needy students.

These hearing transcripts present testimony on the high risks and emerging fraud in several areas of the federal government, including the Student Loan Program of the Education Department (ED), the Multifamily Housing Program of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax return filing. Testimony was heard from concerned senators and government officials responsible for risk management and fraud in these departments and agencies. Possible solutions to risk management and fraud were discussed.

The Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources met to consider an amendment to the Higher Education Act of 1965 to improve the delivery of college financial aid by moving from guaranteed students loans to direct loans. Proponents of the change noted increased access to loans, budget savings, and system simplification. Opponents cited the difficulty of change, the difficulty of knowing exactly the consequences of a new system, risks to the government, and costs of administration.

In response to Congressional requests to analyze proposed federal programs that would provide income-contingent loans (ICLs) to postsecondary students, this report of the Congressional Budget Office examines the fundamental issues in designing such programs. It identifies the key parameters that define an ICL program, discusses the relationships among them, and explores other issues that bear on how an ICL program could be fashioned.

This analysis of Podberesky v Kirwin, which found a University of Maryland scholarship targeting black students to be racially discriminatory, reviews both what the Supreme Court has said about use of racial classifications and how it has not said what constitutes permissible affirmative action.

This study analyzes the academic performance of students who participated in the Federal Work-Study Program as compared to those who did not. The findings are useful to financial aid administrators in packaging decisions, and provide important data for student service policy development.

This hearing transcript provides testimony about the current implementation of the Federal Direct Student Loan Program and better ways to administer the loan programs. Loan program problems have involved program structure, weak gatekeeping procedures, and inadequate financial and management systems. Many of these problems will require the continued attention of the Congress and the Department of Education regardless of implementation of a new direct loan structure.

Although the student loan option remains a useful adjunct to federal grants, work-study programs, and cooperative education programs, the country should learn from the default difficulties of the Higher Education Assistance Foundation. The student loan program is best suited for middle-income students and parents; scholarships, training grants, and vocational education programs best serve the low-income group. Minimum-wage occupations offer little repayment opportunity.

This article presents several brief reports on the latest trends and current circumstances surrounding African-American progress in higher education. Discussions include funding levels at black colleges, black student recruitment at Harvard and Yale, displacement of black PhDs in science and engineering, and education and the African-American mother.

As a business, educating African-Americans is a large enterprise, with total annual expenditures approaching $15 billion. Contrary to stereotypes, it cannot be regarded as a footnote to American higher education. Tuition expenditures account for nearly 8% of the total money income of blacks in the United States.

The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is a complex form completed by millions of postsecondary students each year to apply for federal financial aid. A significant number of completed forms contain errors that necessitate multiple submissions. The article describes some cognitive psychology principles and methods that have allowed researchers to describe how people understand text and complete forms. Suggestions are offered for how these methods might be applied to the redesign of the FAFSA in order to decrease completion errors.

This brief statement offers 10 questions for consideration by American Dental Association (ADA) officials and others concerned with the burdensome indebtedness graduates often incur for their dental education. Questions ask for assessments in such areas as school operating costs, tuition, school support, loan forgiveness, and how the ADA can help schools solve the problem.

Issues in the debate over the expansion of British mass higher education are examined, including the need to encourage institutional diversity, expand part-time study, integrate part- and full-time programs, provide funding based on student credit points and integrated financial aid, and raise awareness of these issues in the academic community.

This discussion of state grant programs for college students outlines the relationships between program goals and effects and the difficulties in designing appropriate and successful programs. Guidelines for assessing these interrelationships are offered to help policymakers design grant programs that can most efficiently and effectively achieve their many goals.

This report describes how federal State Student Incentive Grant (SSIG) allocations have affected state expenditures on student grant programs, what state grant program directors believe would happen to their programs if SSIG funds were cut, and why members of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs (NASSGP) believe that the SSIG should receive continued and enhanced support.

This report documents the results of a survey of the 52 members (the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico) of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs (NASSGP) that collected data concerning state-funded programs of scholarship or grant assistance for postsecondary students. Text sections present: a summary and highlights; comparative program statistics for 1993-94 and earlier years; new programs, program changes, and program plans; 5-year trends in need-based undergraduate grant dollar expenditures by states; and rankings of state grant program expenditures.

The annual survey of members of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs (NASSGP) collected data on state and territory funded scholarships and grants awarded to undergraduate and graduate students. Data analyses consist of a narrative followed by extensive tables presenting data on: comparative program statistics, 1992-93, and 1991-92; program changes, policy issues, and related matters; 5-year trends in need-based undergraduate grant dollar expenditures by states; and rankings of state grant program expenditures.

This study surveyed 228 students at four institutions of higher education in South Wales about their educational debt, finances, employment, and reason for pursuing higher education. It found that although 69% of them had not taken out loans, nearly a third of those who had taken out loans had debt levels above 1,000 pounds.

In an era when colleges must work hard to recruit students, understanding college-bound student views and concerns is critical. Trends are apparent in student expectations of the college experience and services, costs and quality, curricular offerings, job market, and extracurricular opportunities.

The primary purpose of this handbook is to help high school guidance counselors advise students seeking financial aid for postsecondary education. It provides information on sources of aid and how to apply for aid from the programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education. Also included are supplementary materials that suggest different ways to encourage high school students to consider postsecondary education as an avenue to a more rewarding career.

This guide tells about federal student aid programs for postsecondary education and how to apply for them. It begins by outlining sources for finding out about student aid, such as state higher education agencies, guidance counselors, and organizations connected with particular fields of interest. The guide offers tips on choosing a school carefully.

This pamphlet provides a summary of the educational benefits available to United States Armed Services enlisted and discharged personnel under the Educational Assistance Test Program, Section 901 of Public Law 96-342. The pamphlet includes information describing how qualified persons can receive payments under the program and suggestions on where to go to for help and obtain more detailed information.

This pamphlet provides a summary of the educational benefits available to dependents of deceased veterans, or those veterans missing in action or forcibly detained, under Chapter 35 of Title 38 U.S. Code, Public Law 101-237, the Veterans’ Educational Assistance Program. The pamphlet includes information to help in understanding how qualified persons can receive payments under the program, and offers suggestions on where to go to for help and to get more detailed information.

This pamphlet provides a summary of the educational benefits available to U.S. Selective Reserve personnel under the Montgomery G.I. Bill-Selected Reserve Educational Assistance Program, Chapter 106 of Title 10 U.S. Code, Public Law 101-237. The pamphlet includes information describing how qualified persons can receive payments under the program and suggestions on where to go to for help and to obtain more detailed information.

This pamphlet provides a summary of the educational benefits available to United States Armed Services enlisted and discharged personnel under the Montgomery G.I. Bill-Active Duty Educational Assistance Program, Chapter 30 of Title 38 U.S. Code, Public Law 101-347. The pamphlet includes information describing how qualified persons can receive payments under the program and suggestions on where to go to for help and to obtain more detailed information.

This pamphlet provides a summary of the educational benefits available to Vietnam veterans under Chapter 32 of Title 38 U.S. Code, Public Law 101-237, the Veterans Educational Assistance Program. The pamphlet includes information to help in understanding how qualified persons can receive payments under the program, and offers suggestions on where to go to for help and to get more detailed information.

Concerns about cuts in federal student loan and grant programs are outlined, and ways in which institutions can act to influence policy are examined. Basic facts about potential cuts, their effects, federal spending on student aid, aid recipients, public opinion, and aid policy’s effects on tuition are discussed.

This article discusses the establishment of college policy for determining the proportion of the budget allotted to student financial aid. The classic marketing approach to revenue optimization is outlined and adapted for college decision-making. Mathematical formulas for addressing differing institutional enrollment situations and risk factors are offered.

This database lists scholarships specifically available to African-American students and some available to minority students in general. Scholarships for undergraduates in general and specific fields and awards for graduate and professional students are listed.

This analysis of the current status of and recent trends in dental school finances provides an overall financial description, documents trends in revenue and expenses, discusses student debt and its consequences, and presents alternatives for increasing revenues and decreasing expenses. The paper provides background for an Institute of Medicine study of the future of dental education.

According to a recent study of 150 leading private colleges and universities, raising tuition and fees faster than the growth of family income is self-defeating. It forces institutions to divert some new revenue into financial aid, narrows the applicant pool, and undermines the social contract supporting need-based aid.

This analysis uses National Postsecondary Student Aid Study data to analyze the characteristics of student loan recipients and compare defaulters and non-defaulters along various dimensions, including demographic profiles, socioeconomic characteristics, and educational attainment. The analysis found that borrowers from low-income households and minority groups, high school dropouts, and attendees of proprietary schools and two-year colleges were poorer risks.

This article reviews problems with the Stafford Student Loan Program (Federal Family Educational Loan Program), including high-risk borrowers, dishonest school officials, negligent lenders, and guaranty agencies. The author critiques recent reform measures designed to simplify the program, and suggests alternative policies, particularly direct loans from the federal government to students.

Need-blind admissions and need-based financial aid policies at selective private colleges are too expensive for most institutions to maintain. Private colleges that value diversity must aggressively pursue additional resources to support it, rather than rely on federal aid to pay the difference between their tuition and the selective public institution’s tuition.

This theme issue, a report from the International Academy of Education, suggests ways to come to grips with problems of financing higher education. The crises of rising demand, labor market requirements, efficiency, equity, and diversity are discussed and suggestions are made for financing expansion of services and student costs.

This document is a Spanish translation of a resource book designed to help parents help their children with the process of making decisions about college. Its purpose is to help parents to set high expectations for their children’s future, know what college options are available, plan their finances with college in mind, and know what financial assistance may be available.

For mature industrialized nations to meet the challenge of shifting to a high value-added technology base, excellence in three areas is needed: (1) education; (2) labor market performance; and (3) social insurance. A Swedish proposal that would allow individuals to take responsibility for their own future is called the individual educational investment account.

This study analyzed whether a difference exists between alumni donors and non-donors based on the type of financial aid received and whether the idea of reciprocity exists for recipients of an institutional scholarship and members of the alumni association. The study found that Institutional Scholarship and Federal Grant recipients were slightly more likely to give than Institutional Scholarship recipients. However, Institutional Scholarship recipients were more likely to give than Federal Grant and no-aid recipients.

The rate of college tuition increase slowed in 1994-95 at most institution types, but at 6% on average, the rise still outpaced inflation. Tuition and fees for 1993-94 and 1994-94 at over 3,000 public, private, and 2-year colleges are listed, also indicating the additional tuition charged to out-of-state students.

An annual survey found that college tuition climbed 6-10% this fall, depending on institution type. It also summarized average annual tuition/fee increases since 1987-88 and average costs for tuition and fees, books and supplies, room and board, and transportation for both commuter and resident students at two-year and four-year colleges, public and private.

Data on undergraduate student gender (by percentage), athlete gender, total spending on athletic scholarships, and percentages awarded to men and women are presented for 257 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I colleges and universities. In many cases, data are offered for both 1991-92 and 1993-94.

This report of the Panel on Quality Improvement in Student Financial Aid Programs examines the quality control of federal student financial aid programs covered by Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, and offers recommendations calling for sweeping revisions of the present system.

This paper examines the applicability of net tuition revenue models for a highly selective, elite priced, private research university in the southern U.S. The study takes into account current practices and the decision making chain, and makes suggestions for change.

The year 1994 was unique in the history of student financial aid regulation. The purpose of this brief article is to update two tables published in this Journal (Winter 1991), to provide a historical review of some regulatory issues, and to offer some perspectives on regulations from the Department of Education, a current best-selling author, and others.

An analysis of the family contributions of 2,544 dependent, first-time college students at 396 institutions revealed that, although many parents contribute more than anticipated, many inequities among income groups persist, regardless of college cost level. Policy alternatives to reduce inequities are discussed.

A study of 180 defaulters and 907 non-defaulters on federal loans at a private, 2-year college found that withdrawal from college, gender, race, age, high school rank, and college grades were significantly correlated with default status. Division choice, borrowing characteristics, and reasons for leaving college did not correlate with default status.

An Illinois study found that parents’ college savings and awareness of college financial aid possibilities had significant indirect effects on the tuition levels of colleges under consideration. Effects of a number of other demographic variables and knowledge factors were also found.

This paper reviews and critiques empirical evidence concerning knowledge gaps and misconceptions among secondary school students, parents and guardians, and educators about postsecondary education and student financial assistance opportunities and prerequisites. The paper examines how Michigan’s middle school based Project Awareness may affect student aspiration. With a focus on Project Awareness, the paper addresses early awareness as a research and policy issue, describes measurement and evaluation approaches and techniques for the study of early awareness, and shares some preliminary data analysis based on pilot evaluation results.

This report was designed to examine access to postsecondary education and baccalaureate degrees in Florida, and make recommendations to increase access Opportunities for qualified students. It reviews state education policies concerning enrollment limits at state universities, admission criteria at state universities, admission to community colleges, access to upper division courses, credit hours to degree, the role of independent colleges and universities, the tracking of student progression toward the baccalaureate degree, and state funding for undergraduate education.

This study examines the financial characteristics of students attending Florida’s colleges and universities and how they pay for their education, based on a survey of more than 8,500 resident families with students enrolled in Florida colleges or universities during 1992-93. The study addresses the cost of Florida higher education, family income and financial aid status, savings behavior, family contributions, gift aid, and planned future support. The report identifies conclusions, policy questions, and recommendations for consideration by state policy makers.

This volume provides a series of maps and associated narratives showing various aspects of higher education by state. Maps detail enrollment, school types, and various other school, student, and faculty characteristics.

This article explores whether the cost of attending elite private colleges bears a return rate comparable to other human capital investments. It compares net present worth of attending elite private colleges to that of less selective public colleges. It finds that currently, private investments in educational quality yield a return rate equal to the return of investments in education quantity. Increasing private tuition might reverse this trend.

This newsletter discusses factors that shape federal education funding policies. It examines the size of the federal deficit and its progress, as well as the factors affecting the resources available for education.

This newsletter issue focuses on the roles played by higher education finance and student financial aid in ensuring broad access to higher education. Specifically, the report discusses trends in family income and college costs that affect the need for student aid. The report finds that income remains a primary determinant of students’ educational opportunities.

This study, conducted by the Pan-American Association of Educational Credit Institutions (APICE), examined the cost of graduate education in nine Latin American countries. The study was intended to promote graduate and educational exchange within the region, as opposed to exchanges between Latin America and the United States or Europe.

This study investigates who received Pell Grants and Stafford Loans in four-year colleges in 1986-87 and 1989-90 to see if there were differences in the likelihood of receiving these types of aid based on the year, gender, race, dependency status, institutional control, level of institution, family income, and home address. The study analyzed data collected in the National Postsecondary Student Aid Studies conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics in 1986-87 and 1989-90.

By 1996, Training Credits (TCs) will be available to all 16- and 17-year-olds leaving full-time education or training in Britain. They are funded by the transfer of resources that would otherwise be paid to technical colleges for part-time provision for this age group and through resources allocated for the Youth Training program. This paper examines the implementation of the TC system and makes recommendations.

This resource paper provides an overview of financial aid for postsecondary education. The discussion, reflecting information for the 1995-1996 school year, covers the various types of financial aid, the technical words and phrases used to discuss it, and the process involved in its disbursement. The paper discusses the roles and responsibilities of those who play a significant part in the process of providing aid to students with disabilities. Particular attention is given to those expenses which are considered disability related, and suggestions are made about ways in which some of those expenses may be met.

This article argues that the National Merit Scholarship Corporation and its corporate sponsors discriminate against black students because the awards are based primarily on standardized test scores and that the separate program for African-American students stigmatizes and insults them, and recalls the era of separate but equal.

This article discusses Florida’s college tuition prepayment program and its options, and examines its marketing implications as a pre-need service. It is concluded that the program makes saving for college easy, economical, and completely safe, but requires rethinking of conventional marketing strategies and mix.

This study examined the availability of federally subsidized Stafford student loans for postsecondary education in light of recent legislated changes, specifically the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 and the Student Loan Reform Act of 1993, which authorized the Federal Direct Student Loan Program, brought changes to the Federal Family Education Loan Program, and decreased interest rates lenders may charge for Stafford loans and the rate at which lenders receive reimbursement if borrowers fail to repay the loans.

This study compared the relative effectiveness of grants and loans in helping low-income students stay in college until graduation. The study analyzed two student-level databases. Results found that grant aid lowers the probability that low-income students will drop out, while loans have no statistically significant impact on such students’ drop-out rates. In addition, for low-income students, grant aid is relatively more effective during the first school year than in subsequent years.

This report examines tuition assistance costs being charged to the federal government for family members of employees at educational institutions performing government-funded research. The study involved visits to 5 of the 10 universities receiving the highest number of federal government-funded contracts and grants.

This report presents findings of an audit of the Principal Statements of the Department of Education’s Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP), and its internal controls and compliance with laws and regulations for the fiscal years ending September 30, 1993, and September 30, 1992. The audit investigated whether the Principal Statements were reliable and whether relevant internal controls were in place and operating effectively, and tested compliance with significant provisions of selected laws and regulations.

This research study examined the use and perceived value of minority-targeted scholarships (MTS) by undergraduate, graduate, and professional schools. The research used a mail survey of financial aid directors at 300 four-year undergraduate and graduate schools and another survey of 349 dental, law, and medical schools. The survey results showed that, though many schools award MTS, these scholarships account for a small proportion of total scholarships and scholarship dollars.

This report evaluates the adequacy of the Department of Education’s efforts to approve foreign medical schools for participation in the federal student loan program, and information needed by state medical boards to assess the quality of the education that foreign-trained physicians receive before granting them licenses. Findings indicate that the Department’s standards for approving foreign medical schools to participate in the student loan program address only a portion of the standards for medical education covered in the U.S. accreditation process.

This report presents the results of a U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO) review of lender and Department of Education controls over the accuracy of lender-submitted quarterly billings under the Federal Family Education Loan Program, also known as the guaranteed student loan program. It reports that both lenders and the Department of Education demonstrate lacking or inadequate controls for ensuring accurate and reliable data.

This report looks at information on federally guaranteed student loans and loan defaults for students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and how the application of federal default rate thresholds to HBCUs beginning in July 1994 might affect their participation in federal student aid programs.

The author reviews issues affecting research universities, particularly private ones. He discusses the phenomenon of the deep underpricing of services that has long been a characteristic of American universities as well as the tradition of a decentralized and diversified higher education system.

The author then discusses the federal role in education in recent years with respect to the growing number of regulations, specifically the State Postsecondary Review Entities (SPRE’s) authorized by Congress in the 1992 Higher Education Amendments.

This book, which is available from the Brookings Institution, revisits the first principles underlying government support of postsecondary education. The authors examine the rationale and structure of the aid system and how it might more effectively expand college opportunities while ensuring quality. The book encourages policy makers to consider the multiple objectives of aid- not just getting more students into college, but also promoting student success and degree completion.

This report was designed to provide complete and comparable statistics on student aid for all California postsecondary institutions from 1990 through 1994. It includes information on all major sources of financial aid, the types of aid available, the amount of funding for each type, and the distribution of student aid dollars among the three public postsecondary education sectors (the University of California, California State University, and California Community College systems), and the independent colleges and universities.

This article examines the approach to enrollment management used by Southern Vermont College, which involves calculating the revenue lost for each student place left empty because of lack of student aid. It evolved from the administration’s efforts to select and schedule courses efficiently and to provide adequate class sections for students’ needs.

This study used data from the High School and Beyond Survey to examine the effects of employment on grade point averages, dropout rate, and post-college wages for 4,068 college students. It found that while working students were more likely to drop out than non-working students, they did better in the labor market if they graduated.

The University of North Carolina at Greensboro student financial aid office undertook a program to train staff in effective listening. Training involved personal videotaping of staff members, followed by feedback to staff and a handout for students to promote more successful interviews. Initial response has been positive.

Some colleges and universities are establishing scholarships for "first-generation students," whose parents did not attend college. Proponents see the aid as avoiding legal problems associated with affirmative action and reaching some disadvantaged whites. Others are concerned that, if they replace race-based scholarships, minority enrollments will drop.

Most private colleges are slowing down their tuition increases to 4-5% for fall 1995. Most public colleges have not yet set tuition. In some cases, student financial aid is being apportioned less generously to raise the student self-help level. Most tuition increases reflect the cost of institutional investments in technology.

The 1992 Higher Education Act amendments offer limited antitrust immunity for certain collective financial aid activities, but, because of recent litigation, all other aspects of higher education are now subject to antitrust scrutiny. Prudent administrators will adopt antitrust compliance programs to protect against inadvertent violations and resultant litigation.

The National Service (NS) program links financial assistance for education to community service. This article discusses four issues of primary concern as policymakers and program planners move from the program’s concept to the fine points of its design and implementation: (1) achieving balance among the program’s conflicting goals; (2) expanding educational opportunities; (3) matching community needs to participants’ skills and interests; and (4) avoiding conflict with existing activities and programs.

An educator who benefited from the 1944 G.I. Bill reflects on the value of the legislation for America and suggests that it is again time to consider what new federal policy initiatives might have as significant an impact as the G.I. Bill.

This article describes a program called the Business Education Collaboration on Minorities in Education (BECOME), which offers a $1,500 annual package of scholarships and loans to Akron (Ohio) minority students who agree to study education at the University of Akron or Kent State University and to become teachers in the district.

This guide for prospective graduate students offers information on funding graduate study in the United States and abroad through scholarships, loans, and other programs. Topics include types of aid and the application process.

This article stresses the need for more scholarship moneys to help Hispanic students meet the high costs of college tuition and living expenses. It provides information on 39 scholarships available to Hispanics, including name and address of program, contact person, amount of scholarship, and scholarship requirements.

This article presents historical data concerning the set of loan programs formerly known as the Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) Programs. While the 1992 Reauthorization changed the name to the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Program, references to "GSL" have been maintained in this article to preserve its historical integrity.

There is a natural tension between government and higher education. Our task is to articulate and preserve a balance between colleges’ need for autonomy and the government’s need for accountability.

This article uses data from Japanese households to calculate the income elasticities of educational expenditure, allowing elasticities to vary nonmonotonically with household income. It explores whether income elasticities for education peak in the middle-income categories and diminish for the lower and upper ends of income distribution.

At least one private college, Bennington College (Vermont), has cut tuition as part of a larger restructuring project. More may follow suit, in hopes of attracting more students. Guidelines to help institutions determine whether such a strategy could be cost effective are offered.

This report identifies a number of financing issues facing American higher education in the early 1990s. The report suggests that the states should bear the primary responsibility for financing higher education and should deal with equity issues internally. A summary presents key issues and recommendations surrounding the federal, state, institutional, and parent and student roles.

The Clinton Administration’s national service proposal, and its ramifications for federal student loan programs, are outlined. It is proposed that college officials can be most constructive by helping to design the program’s in-college component, where their expertise and attention are needed.

Virginia will pilot a program to send some community college graduates to several rural private colleges in an effort to improve educational access and help meet the anticipated growth in enrollments in the next decade. Some feel the state should expand existing public institutions instead.

A Massachusetts plan involving 67 colleges allows parents to invest in state bonds and redeem them later, at original value plus 2% above inflation rate, for a guaranteed percentage of tuition. The plan improves on strategies tested by other states. Supporters foresee more college applicants and less need for student aid.

After raising tuition for a number of years, some states are trying to freeze or reduce public college tuition. These changes arise from concern about reduced enrollments and image, and it is hoped that legislatures will respond with increased appropriations. Some critics fear a compromise in educational quality.

This article argues that direct lending by the federal government to the student, characterized by direct financing, delivery, and communication, is a form of financial aid more cost effective than current programs such as federal Guaranteed Student Loans. Direct loans can be better administered by the federal government, and protection against fraud is feasible.

This report describes and analyzes state support for higher education in Fiscal Year 1994. The report provides: an analysis of funding trends nationwide; a national map showing percentages of 2-year gains for all states; a table showing appropriations amounts by state for the most recent 3 years as well as percentage changes; a table showing state tax appropriations per capita and per $1,000 of personal income, along with national rankings; and individual state tables showing total state tax appropriations for higher education. The report reveals that after two especially negative years, support to higher education has turned around in a majority of the states.

This report attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of total Federal financial support for education since Fiscal Year 1980. To give as complete a picture as possible, support from agencies other than the Department of Education has been included. To the extent possible, outlays (rather than amounts committed) are used, with the exception of funds for academic research at institutions of higher education. Federal education funding is divided into on-budget support, off-budget support, and non-Federal funds generated by Federal programs. Current and constant dollar comparisons are also used.

The federal government provides support for education well beyond programs funded through the Department of Education. Federal support for education, excluding revenues foregone through allowable income tax deductions, was an estimated $87.5 billion in fiscal year (FY) 1993, an increase of $24.1 billion (38%) since FY 1990, representing, after adjustment for inflation, a 25% increase. This publication provides data on federal support and trends in recent years.

This article explains that economics has core of principles to guide decision makers when dealing with complicated economic questions. It uses economic principles to answer questions related to financial aid in an attempt to create a conceptual framework that can be accepted by all constituencies.

This report profiles undergraduates enrolled in postsecondary education for the academic year 1989-90 and presents a description of their social and economic backgrounds, what types of institutions they attended, their educational experience, and their educational aspirations.

This report examines how much undergraduates worked while enrolled in postsecondary education for the academic year 1989-90. It specifically addresses types of institutions they attended, educational experiences, and the relationship of their education cost and financial aid to the amount of time they worked while enrolled. Results suggest that not only are most undergraduates working while they are enrolled, a substantial number are working full-time.

To examine the accuracy of myths of state higher education financing trends, this study used data from 50 states to explore recent patterns in funding allocation, state policies, and system characteristics. Data were gathered through the development of a database on state system characteristics and trends, and through two surveys sent to state higher education executive officers to solicit information on appropriations and budgeting, linkages affecting appropriations and tuition, cost containment strategies, policy goals and state financial aid policies.

Using longitudinal college student and parent data and interviews, this study examined factors associated with parental savings for students’ postsecondary education. Results suggest that socioeconomic status, student educational aspirations, and the extent to which parents think they will need outside financial help influence family savings.

This study by the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO) analyzed tuition discount ratios for small colleges with lower tuition, small colleges with higher tuition, and large colleges/universities. It examined average tuition discount percentages, average tuition rates and enrollments, percent of students aided, and the relationship between enrollment changes and tuition discounts.

This analysis begins with a review of how the regulatory process has evolved since the first student financial aid program, National Defense Student Loans, was established in 1958. Next, it examines the regulatory process, with particular emphasis on the ability of the higher education community and others to influence the results. It will then explore the reasons, stated or otherwise, for what in many quarters is considered to be over-regulation.

This article focuses on a specific federal credit program (the Guaranteed Student Loan Program), using the Engle and Granger two-step procedure to estimate an error correction model of commercial student loan supply. Results indicate that the secondary market is an important determinant of commercial student loan lending and that commercial supply is inelastic in respect to rate of return.

This report lists Fiscal Year 1995 recommended allocations of Illinois state funds appropriated to the Board of Higher Education under the Health Services Education Grants Act. These funds are appropriated to support the enrollment of Illinois residents in health professions education programs offered by nonpublic institutions including medical, dental, optometric, podiatric, pharmacy, allied health and nursing programs. Funds are also appropriated to support the enrollment of Black, Hispanic, and American Indian state residents. The tables show grant rates for residents and minority residents in each field, and allocation by institution with institutions grouped according to their type of program.

This report examines recent national and Illinois trends in college tuition and fees, instructional costs and state support, indicators of economic conditions and families’ ability to pay for colleges, and student financial aid. The report demonstrates that, between 1985 and 1995, tuition and fees charged to students attending public universities, community colleges, and private institutions increased at rates greater than inflation. The report recommends that governing boards must consider multiple factors when implementing tuition and fee increases, such as cost to students, students’ ability to pay, and the availability of financial assistance to offset costs for certain students.

This report addresses college affordability in Illinois from the student’s perspective and makes specific recommendations to improve affordability at public institutions of higher education. The report also seeks to make students and their families more aware of the close connection between academic preparation, progress, and college costs.

The College Posse Scholarship Program is a partnership between Vanderbilt University’s Peabody College (Tennessee) and a New York youth development organization. Urban high school students are selected for university attendance using nontraditional criteria. The multicultural posse works to increase diversity, create dialogue among students, and help students support each other.

This booklet outlines the steps that postsecondary institutions must take to maintain their eligibility for federal student financial aid, discussing state and federal review requirements and the role of the State Postsecondary Review Entity (SPRE) Program. It reviews the compliance requirements for institutions using Title IV federal financial aid programs (such as the Pell Grant, Perkins Loan, and Work-Study programs) and the conditions that may trigger a state review of an institution’s eligibility.

This article argues that the college or university’s business office can help reduce problems with student receivables through the procedural review of the tuition revenue process, the application of analytical methods, and improved operating practices. Admissions, financial aid, and billing offices must all be involved.

In briefs filed with the Supreme Court, the Clinton administration, higher-education and civil-rights groups, colleges and law schools are urging the court to uphold the legality of race-exclusive scholarships in a University of Maryland case. The briefs emphasize the scholarships’ value in promoting diverse student bodies.

Critics say the University of Maryland’s race-specific scholarship program aids mostly well-off blacks and is biased against whites. The scholarships were established in 1979 to help make amends for the state’s history of excluding blacks from the University.

The Hispanic student at the University of Maryland at College Park who won a court case challenging the restriction of one scholarship to black students has gone on to medical school. His argument was that scholarships should be based on merit and need, not restricted to any ethnic or racial group.

The Justice Department’s antitrust investigation of private-college collaboration on student financial aid (the Overlap Group) has closed, with charges against the Massachusetts Institute of Technology dropped and the announcement of a new system by which institutions may share information. Institutions, however, are skeptical about the practicality of the new arrangement.

A federal appeals court has ruled that the University of Maryland had no right to restrict one of its scholarships to black students. This is the highest level judicial ruling on minority scholarships. The court rejected much of the university’s evidence supporting such forms of financial aid.

A federal judge has affirmed the legality of a scholarship program for black students at the University of Maryland at College Park, based on evidence of present effects of past discrimination provided by the university.

A federal appeals court has given the Massachusetts Institute of Technology another chance to prove in court that the Overlap Group, of which MIT was a member, did not violate antitrust laws. The group of 23 colleges set common financial-aid awards for students admitted to more than one institution.

The costs of higher education have escalated in the last decade. In addition, there has been a shift in the funding patterns of these financial aid programs. This study examines how alumni from the occupational therapy program at the University of Mississippi Medical Center financed their education. Also addressed area the perceptions of alumni and employers regarding the use of pre-employment contractual agreements in financing occupational therapy education.

This book contains 11 essays that follow the community service and student loan legislation as it proceeded through Congress. The essays illuminate the policymaking process by explaining the evolution of new national policies and by tracing the history of these two pieces of legislation.

This evaluation study developed 29 recommendations concerning the implementation of direct loans in providing financial assistance to postsecondary school students. The investigation included examination of a current Department of Education (ED) pilot program, a video teleconference to discuss direct lending with 23 individuals in education finance and policymaking, telephone interviews before and after the teleconference with participants and with others who did not participate, meetings with several State University of New York officials, review of materials, and interviews with senior managerial staff at New York University.

The five institutional issues rated most important for 1994 by college trustees, presidents, and other leaders include: tuition policy and financing; planning and budgeting needs and processes; productivity and cost control; institutional mission and strategy; and directions in charitable giving.

This study investigated the relationship of financial aid to persistence and academic performance of 42 medical student recipients of financial aid. Results indicate receipt of aid did not correlate significantly with graduation rate or class rank. Financial aid provided capable students, who could otherwise not afford it, the opportunity to attend medical school.

This study examined College Board Admitted Student Questionnaire (ASQ) data from 1988 through 1992 to determine whether any trends could be identified, specifically with regard to the degree of importance ascribed to the 20 college characteristics listed on the questionnaire and to patterns in financial aid applications and awards.

This report presents revenue and expenditure data on the nation’s accredited institutions of higher education over the 9-year period from fiscal year (FY) 1983 through FY 1991. This report includes information only on institutions of higher education which are accredited at the college level by an agency recognized by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education.

This article examines the three great federal policy initiatives in the area of higher education—the land-grant movement of the 1860s, the World War II-era decision to rely on universities for basic and applied research, and the G.I. Bill of 1944-and how they affected development of the American system of higher education more than any others.

Trends in higher education that are pushing it from a principally public enterprise to a largely private one are examined, including the shift away from public financial support. An increasing market orientation is predicted, which will bring price and demand into equilibrium, foster privatization, and infuse greater competition.

Various gift-aid, loan, and work-study programs help college students fill the gap between educational costs and their financial resources. This article draws on research conducted on colleges in Indiana to describe how federal, state, private, and college-based financial aid programs and practices interact with each other to determine the total amount of gift-aid a student receives. It discusses how these relationships can dilute or enhance a program’s implicit targeting policies.

This collection of reports analyzes the roles and responsibilities of the major participants in the financing system for postsecondary education. Topics include: an examination of trends in the proportion of higher education costs borne by federal, state, and local governments, philanthropy, the family, and other sources from 1950 to 1990; and a comparison of postsecondary financing systems in the United States and 10 other countries.

This report provides a comprehensive examination of student costs at four-year public colleges and universities in South Dakota and nearby states including Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and Idaho. The survey found that undergraduate residents in South Dakota, on average, paid 5.1 percent higher tuition and fee costs than the 8-state average of $2,131, and 6.4 percent lower tuition, fees, room, and board costs than the average of $4,925.

This guide to paying for college is written for families that expect to pay most, if not all, of the costs of college out of savings, investments, gifts, inheritances, borrowed funds, or a combination. It outlines usual approaches but also indicates some unorthodox methods. Topics covered include: planning for college expenses, saving, savings instruments, and taxes and income shifting.

This article discusses the competition by the nation’s most prestigious colleges and universities for the top black students. The paper examines guidelines for student financial aid packages and some schools’ recruitment tactics.

This study examined the AmeriCorps program in Oregon, specifically the incentives that educational, health, child care, and non-monetary benefits held for members, and whether their service experiences changed educational, career, and volunteer plans.

Many colleges award more merit-based scholarship money to athletes than to all other undergraduates combined. Critics say this sends disturbing messages about institutional priorities. Others claim athletic scholarships derive from sports-related income. This article examines the idea that awarding of athletic scholarships based on need would partially alleviate the problem.

In a Texas study of student loan repayment attitudes held by students enrolled in vocational education, interviews with loan recipients indicate defaults are affected by how much students are pressured to enroll in a program, their understanding of the loan program when signing an application, and how well their vocational education equips them for employment.

Proposals for three-year college degrees would affect African-American students by making larger enrollments possible, but the negatives would outweigh the positives. Black students would be less likely than others to take advantage of the situation, and costs would probably rise on a per-semester basis.

The authors argue that a recently proposed Minnesota policy for implementing full-cost tuition in selected practitioner master’s degree programs in state institutions is counterproductive. The proposed policy is examined as a case study of probable supply and demand effects on student enrollments and institutional vitality.

Data from the Survey on Higher Education Finances and Services were analyzed to determine whether higher education institutions experienced operating budget cuts between fiscal years 1990 and 1993. While 17 percent had experienced such cuts during fiscal year 1990, this percentage rose to about one-third of all institutions during fiscal years 1991 through 1993, and a greater proportion of public than private nonprofit institutions experienced budget cuts.

This study analyzed student outcomes at those schools and colleges that filed reports with the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools/Colleges of Technology during the 1993 school year. It also compared these data to information collected in 1990, 1991, and 1992. The study focused on the following outcomes calculated separately for full- and part-time students: graduation; withdrawal; training-related placement; and default on Federal Family Educational Loans.

This study examined student outcomes at those schools and colleges that filed reports with the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools/Colleges of Technology during the 1990, 1991, and 1992 school years. The study focused on the following rates calculated separately for full- and part-time students: graduation, withdrawal, training-related placement, and default on Stafford loans.

In this highly competitive environment, the rules are changing fast. This article argues that students and colleges will benefit if admissions and financial aid policies are made clear.

In 1994-95, states will increase spending on public colleges and student aid by 7.6% over 1992-93, the largest increase since the recession began. Forty states have raised appropriations. Data are presented for state universities, state colleges, two-year colleges, other institutions, and student aid, by state. States are also ranked by appropriation amount over the two-year period.

A recent report indicates state spending on student financial aid will be about 8% higher than in 1991-92, the largest one-year increase since 1989-90, in contrast to decreased overall spending on higher education. However, of 48 states anticipating spending increases, only 10 will have increases large enough to cover student cost increases.

This article argues that a recent court decision concerning default on National Health Service Corps scholarship obligations has thoroughly addressed and resolved all the arguments made by defaulting recipients by placing the scholarships in the realm of grant-in-aid programs and removing common-law defenses of the defaulting student.

The purpose of this descriptive research study was to analyze the student recruitment processes employed by The College of William and Mary to recruit African-American undergraduates. Findings revealed that campus visitation programs were the most successful method of attracting African-American undergraduates, while national college fairs and college search tapes were the least effective. The study also revealed that students relied heavily upon the input of their parent(s) rather than upon the advice of high school guidance counselors and teachers in making a college choice decision.

National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions in Divisions I and II will be relying more on student fees to bolster sports budgets due to rising costs and pressure to expand athletic opportunities for women. Only among Division III colleges has the proportion of athletics-department revenues from student fees decreased.

This analysis of student financial aid for African-American doctoral students combines a discussion of problems in student recruitment and persistence, particularly for financial reasons, with data on patterns of minority group graduate student enrollment, financial aid, debt, and degree awards.

The Scholarship Program in New York City was created to provide full tuition reimbursement to people pursuing study toward the New York State Teaching Certification in various shortage areas, in exchange for employment. The study concludes that recruiting techniques targeting minority women are successful and that the training provided is useful, although some courses are more helpful than others depending on the position for which participants were trained.

This booklet provides North Carolina students with guidelines to the student financial aid programs available to them. The booklet groups programs by source of funding: federal, state, or private.

The Loan Forgiveness Program (LFP) was designed to recruit bilingual individuals in the following shortage areas in the New York City public schools: (1) special education; (2) school social work; (3) educational evaluation; (4) speech and hearing handicapped; (5) school psychology, guidance, and counseling; (6) physical therapy; and (7) occupational therapy. The study assesses the program through a survey of participants.

This study examined major stakeholders’ perceptions of their involvement and role in the legislative process surrounding the introduction, deliberation, and ultimate passage of the Direct Loan Demonstration Program (DLDP), a federal pilot student loan program. The study found that the concept of direct lending in the DLDP represented a major paradigm shift in federal student loan policy.

This report examines the effects of 3 successive years of tight state budgets, rising student fees, layoffs of part-time instructors, and reduced class offerings on the ability of California community colleges to meet constituent needs. Drawing from interviews with college administrators, faculty members, state officials, and educational authorities, the report presents information on the negative effects of aggressive marketing and recruiting, differences in the outlooks of state and college officials, college funding and the state master plan, educational access, and other related topics.

This article explores the recent status-of-funding formula being used by the states, focusing on changes over the last eight years, and discusses innovations in formula design.

This article considers whether student aid should be used to promote diversity or enhance an institution’s market position. It looks at national trends and practices and the difficult policy questions they raise.

Recent research indicates a trend toward increases in the share of institution-based student aid funds going to merit aid. This paper presents findings of a study that surveyed 379 nonprofit bachelors’ degree-granting institutions in 1983-84 and 1991-92. Findings indicate that the less selective institutions in both the public and private sectors are far more involved in merit aid than their more prestigious counterparts. A second finding is that students are rewarded for the difference between their personal SAT scores and the school’s average SAT scores.

This article examines the relationship between the "need-blind" philosophy of college admission and institutional student financial aid policies. The ethics of providing less-capable students with higher debt and workloads, and other policies that apply differential aid packaging for higher-risk students, are called into question.

This handbook includes everything students need to know about getting money for graduate school. It examines who is eligible for aid and who has the money, and includes references to Internet Web Sites for the latest information. Readers will learn how to market themselves to targeted private, federal, and state funding sources. The guide will help students balance loans, grants, and service related awards.

This book provides information to prospective graduate students on how to acquire financial assistance for their graduate programs by explaining: (1) what the difference is between undergraduate and graduate aid; (2) aid eligibility; (3) where to go for funding and how much is available; (4) how to be "marketable" to targeted funding sources; (5) what is the best package in loans, grants, and service-related awards; and (6) how and when to apply. The book’s purpose is to answer the most frequently asked questions from students and those who advise them about funding sources at the graduate level.

An annual survey of higher education leaders found that most believe cuts will be smaller next year than in recent years. The study found that in some states, the largest increase requests were made by community college systems. Changes in tuition-setting policy, governance, and financial aid were identified as common issues.

This congressional report argues that the costs of the current guaranteed lending program for postsecondary education can be reduced in three ways: (1) by eliminating more-than-competitive returns to private lenders; (2) by reducing administrative costs; and (3) by reducing default costs. It suggests that the first solution can be accomplished with or without direct lending but that administrative costs are more likely to be increased than decreased by direct lending.

This report analyzes increases in Minnesota’s higher education tuition since the early 1970s, compares national and Minnesota tuition rates and trends, reviews the state’s goals for federal Pell Grants and how state grant money is allocated to individuals, and determines whether students face undue barriers in applying for state grants.

This report presents statistical data on Missouri higher education in the following general groupings: preparation, access, participation, resources, completions, and transfers. Among the specific areas presented are historical trend data for enrollment, percent data on the distribution of ACT-tested freshmen, tuition and fees required of typical full-time students, data on faculty tenure and salaries, data on current school expenditures and fund revenues, and data on library resources and operating expenditures.

This is a reprint of a 1953 article outlining procedures used at Harvard University (MA) for analyzing a student’s need for financial aid.

The history of the new G.I. Bill, which became effective in 1985 and is the first peacetime veterans’ education legislation, is chronicled, and data on the use of the bill’s benefits to date are summarized.

This study documents the redistribution of responsibilities for financing higher education from social resources to private resources. It also examines the issues of affordability of higher education that arise from this shift in financial responsibility.

This study outlines three plans for reforming the financing of students wishing to attend college, including: (1) improving the college loan system; (2) mitigating high tuition with high student aid; and (3) making comprehensive changes at all levels of the college finance system.

This study of college affordability compared changes in family income, Pell Grants, Stafford loans, and state grants with changes in the average costs of public two- and four-year colleges. It concluded that both sectors became more affordable to low- and middle-income families in the 1970s but less affordable in the 1980s.

This research paper examines the influence of student debt on the post-baccalaureate educational plans of college graduates. Two distinct methods of analysis are used in the study: several focus groups of seniors in college and graduate students at a major research university; and an analysis of a sample of four year college graduates taken from the third follow-up of a national sample, "High School and Beyond-1980 Senior Cohort". The study shows that undergraduate debt is not a primary factor determining the educational plans following college.

The directory lists agencies, organizations and foundations offering financial and instructional support for advanced education and research are listed in this directory. A chart indicates, for each program, the level of study, disciplines, and eligibility requirements.

This report presents the findings of an investigation into the major issues and possible responses to recent changes in college student financial aid. The report argues that student financial aid is of urgent concern to institutions, policymakers and the nation, and calls for a long term dialogue on the role, impact, and importance of financial aid.

This is a resource list designed to alert administrators of student financial aid services at institutions of higher education to resources that can assist in responding to the challenges and strategies described in a companion report. It is organized alphabetically by topic. Listings include short bibliographic data and descriptions of each citation.

This publication identifies a variety of situations in which it may be necessary to use professional judgment in the need analysis of students requesting financial aid. Alternatives are suggested to more sensitively assess the ability of a family to pay for postsecondary education. Specific topics covered include principles of need analysis, student budgets, standard need analysis procedures, adjustments in calculation of financial need, the evalutaion of parents’ information, areas to consider in assessing allowances against parents’ income, dependent student issues, independent student issues, and children of divorced or separated parents.

This report presents survey data from the Survey of Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions for Fiscal Year 1992. Data tables list federal obligations to universities and colleges by type of activity for the fiscal years 1963-92.

This annual report presents information about New Mexico’s colleges and universities and the students who attend these institutions. The report provides information, in text, graphs, and tables about students, financial aid, student tuition and fees, higher education financing, and special programs.

This report describes an independent audit of the principal financial statements of the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program for the year ending September 30, 1994. The auditors identified controls within the Direct Loan Program’s loan origination, servicing, and reporting systems that needed improvements. These were not, however, considered to be material weaknesses.

This report summarizes the accomplishments of the U.S. Department of Education’s, Office of Inspector General (OIG), for the 6-month period ending March 31, 1993. An audit and inspection of student financial assistance programs administered by the Office of Postsecondary Education found that many postsecondary vocational training programs are funded despite poor job prospects for program graduates. The report’s seven chapters describe audit and inspection activities, investigative activities, significant management problems, legislative and regulatory activities, and non-federal audit activities.

The primary purpose of this handbook, which provides information on sources of financial aid and how to apply for it from the programs administered by the U.S. Department of Education, is to help financial aid administrators advise students in seeking financial aid for postsecondary education.

This handbook was designed to help high school guidance counselors advise students in seeking financial aid for postsecondary education. The information provided concentrates on sources of aid from the programs administered by the United States Department of Education.

This booklet was written to help students and other young people decide on a job or career, find the training they need to pursue that career, and get the financial aid they may need to attend school. The booklet includes suggestions for choosing a school and resources and questions for researching schools as well as financial aid sources and procedures.

This document presents seven papers that address several aspects of the new direct lending federal loan program established by the Student Loan Reform Act of 1993. Among the topics examined are the following: policy questions involved in lending in proprietary (profit-making) trade and technical schools; a review of the problems and prospects of the components of the old system of guarantee agencies; questions concerning the use of the Internal Revenue Service as a vehicle for student loan repayment; and the issue of consumer education.

This book contains a group of articles concerning the equity and efficiency of prepaid college tuition plans. The author examines the competing financial theories at play in this field, presents a study of the Michigan Education Trust’s decision to expand its subscriber base by offering a monthly payment option, examines the tax consequences of college savings plans, and discusses the problem of finding investment strategies whose returns approximate or better the college costs of the future.

At the outset, few politicians and educators recognized the potential of the G.I. Bill, calling it unworkable. However, the G.I. Bill had many positive features and no disadvantages, causing unexpected numbers of veterans to take full advantage of it, which in turn created enrollment and housing surprises for colleges and universities.

State student financial aid increased 12.6% in one year. Few states will decrease aid in 1993-94, the average grant will increase 6.6%, and several states have begun new programs. Data on undergraduate and graduate student aid, need-based and non-need-based, with percent changes since 1992-93, are presented for each state.

This study explores the effects of individual, social, and economic factors in students’ college applications and subsequent admissions. The study is motivated primarily by the issue of equal educational opportunity for economically disadvantaged students. It looks at federal efforts to fill the income gap and focuses on whether student financial aid has succeeded in overcoming income barriers for admission to college.

This research paper investigated the effects of available financial aid on retention of students at a Nazarene institution of higher education. Measurements of financial aid variables included separate assessments of federal sources, state sources, institutional scholarships, named scholarships, church scholarships, auction scholarships, endowment scholarships, campus employment, and other miscellaneous sources.

This study examines estimated impacts of on- and off-campus work on first-year student cognitive outcomes. It found that the amount of on- and off-campus work had little negative impact on first-year students’ reading comprehension, mathematics achievement, or critical thinking.

This booklet is designed to help Pennsylvania’s re-entry female students find the best ways to finance a college education. It presents a "To Do" list of financial aid sources including central Pennsylvania scholarships/grants or awards, national scholarships/grants or awards, professional scholarships, directories of other sources, scholarship search firms, and telephone numbers of information services.

This guide provides descriptions of over 1,400 fellowships, scholarships, research and travel grants, exchange programs, internships, training programs, awards, and prizes available for graduate and postdoctoral study and research. The bulk of the guide consists of individual award descriptions, arranged alphabetically.

The financial information of noncustodial parents filed by 46 Notre Dame University freshmen was analyzed to determine the impact of including the noncustodial parent in the students’ financial need analysis. Results suggest that the potential additional parental contribution for this population is significant but that additional problems exist.

This series of research briefs published by the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) between February and December 1994 provide data on topics important to community colleges. These briefs focus on funding issues, community college programs, faculty, and student financial aid.

Drawing on information provided by regional accrediting agencies and from the American Association of Community Colleges’ database, this publication provides a broad statistical overview of the all public and independent two-year colleges in the United States using extensive tables, charts, and graphs.

This report addresses the dollar savings described in the Government Accounting Office’s (GAO) report supporting direct lending as opposed to the present guaranteed student loan program. The critique explains the changes in the GAO model assumptions and projections that are believed necessary to move from the original $4.8 billion savings to a more reasonable figure. The updated and revised estimates suggest that the shift from the current guaranteed student loan program to direct lending would generate essentially zero budgetary savings.

One in a series of booklets for Hispanic-American parents on making the most of a child’s education, this volume provides specific information on ways in which parents and their children can apply for and obtain financial assistance for going to college.

More than 500,000 "high risk" students have received support and federal assistance through the TRIO Programs. One such federal program that provides support is the "Student Support Services Program." The focus of this research paper was on "professionals at risk," rather than "students at risk." Findings indicate a significant difference between the directors’ assessment of their subordinates and the subordinate’s (assistant director/counselors and tutorial coordinator) personal assessment of themselves. Subsequently, the study concludes that if professionals are to remain competent, they increasingly needed to participate in some level of training that continuously broadens knowledge bases, sharpens skills and improves abilities to perform competently as circumstances often demanded.

This study examined the effects of the Higher Education Amendments of 1992 on Federal Family Education Loan Program (FFELP) borrowing in Pennsylvania during the July-to-December periods of 1992 to 1993. The study found that the number of lower-income and middle-income unsubsidized borrowers fell dramatically as these students became eligible for subsidized loans, while the number of unsubsidized borrowers from upper-income families grew.

The extent to which financial aid has influenced higher education enrollment in Sweden is examined, drawing on data about four cohorts of college students from 1970 to 1990. Results suggest that financial aid has had a significant positive impact on enrollment and has affected enrollment differences between socioeconomic groups and genders.

The impacts of legislated changes in both program recipients and federal costs of the Pell Grant Program are analyzed, such as the resulting numbers of dependent and independent recipients. These include the changes in award amounts received by students and the effects of particular new provisions of the grant program on its costs.

This article proposes that governing boards must carefully consider the implications of the admission and financial aid policy of awarding merit scholarships, without regard for student financial need. Such tuition discounting is seen as particularly problematic for private colleges, misleading to students, and potentially disastrous for economically disadvantaged students.

This book maintains that federal subsidies to higher education have allowed American colleges and universities to overstaff, overspend, and overbuild, creating an economic, academic, and moral crisis in higher education. The book argues that, although American colleges and universities are the envy of the world, government funding has subsidized fiscal mismanagement and institutional corruption.

Leading Latino-American educational and advocacy groups support college and university scholarship programs that target specific non-white groups, despite a federal court decision (Podberesky v Kirwin) that one such University of Maryland program was racially discriminatory. Most feel that dismantling the scholarship programs would limit minority access to higher education.

This guide, the first in a set of nine, presents a summary of financial assistance available for obtaining a certificate, diploma, or degree, in any field of study, at a university, college, or technikon located in South Africa.

This guide is a summary of bursaries, loans, and other financial assistance available for obtaining a degree, certificate or diploma at a university, technikon, or college in the Republic of South Africa (RSA), Transkie, Bophuthatswana, Venda, or Ciskei (TBVC).

This article profiles Mike, a middle-aged Comanche who was preliterate when beginning the author’s class in English as a Second Language. Although traditional schooling had failed him, Mike learned enough English to become a prolific writer and translator of North American poetry. The article then argues that by raising tuition and standards, the California community college system will desert its mission of service to many community members.

This article argues that financial aid administrators used to use "art" to do the right thing, not the "science" of doing the thing right.

Based on a survey of former California State University students who repaid or defaulted on loans, this analysis found high levels of significance in postsecondary outcome variables (graduation, employment, and income patterns), institutional practices and characteristics, student background characteristics, and students’ understanding of rights and responsibilities.

This study surveyed nontraditional college students concerning barriers encountered in pursuit of their college education. Findings from 100 nontraditional students suggest that older students have needs that are not addressed by institutions. The most frequently identified hindrances to degree attainment were financial problems and academic advising. Nonetheless, respondents expressed confidence about their likelihood of completing degrees.

This study compares the high school senior class of 1980 and the high school senior class of 1982 to examine the effects of changes in federal financial aid which took place in the period from 1980 to 1983. The study looks at these effects in conjunction with socioeconomic status, race, and gender.

This study uses indices of inequality to measure equality of choice in higher education between 1974 and 1991. These indices compare distribution of parental family income of first-year college students at 13 classifications of higher education institutions with the income distribution of families in the United States. Results show substantial systemic differences in equality of choice by institutional type.

This report discusses the establishment and operation of the Federal Direct Student Loan Program (DL), enacted by Congress in 1993 to partially replace the existing federal guaranteed student loan programs.

This report discusses the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL) Programs, formerly referred to as the Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) Programs.

This report discusses the Federal Pell Grant Program, the largest need-related federal postsecondary student grant program administered by the U.S. Department of Education, along with recent changes in the program authorized by the 1992 Amendments to the Higher Education Act. The report reviews student eligibility, grant size, award rules, and need analysis, along with the characteristics of grant recipients. It also outlines the functions of postsecondary institutions participating in the program related to the control of fraud and abuse, application errors, and financial controls. Finally, the report discusses funding trends for the Pell Grant Program from 1980 through 1994, as well as suggestions for program improvement.

This report discusses recent changes in federal aid to postsecondary students enacted by Congress during 1992-93, focusing on the 1992 Amendments to the Higher Education Act and the 1993 Federal Direct Student Loan Program. The report reviews recent issues surrounding federal aid to postsecondary students such as program accountability and simplification, and discusses the various types of grants, loans, and national service programs available to students.

This report provides an overview of Singapore’s strategy for human resource development and the country’s concerted effort to successfully orchestrate the many separate initiatives between 1960s to 1980s into an effective market-driven, three-tiered higher education system that emphasizes technology and modernization. The study highlights the pre-eminent role of the government in the planning, funding, and implementation of strategies to achieve an effective, high quality, and sustainable higher education system.

Spending cuts and special fund-raising by private colleges and universities have helped them keep student costs from rising by more than about 6%, the lowest increase in 10 to 20 years. However, that is still double the rise in the Consumer Price Index for 1992, and some critics are unimpressed.

This report identities significant characteristics and implications of state programs that provide financial aid to students in private, independent non- profit colleges and universities. The report describes one program in detail, Virginia’s Tuition Assistance Grant (TAG) Program.

This document provides statistical data on most aspects of U.S. education, both public and private, from kindergarten through graduate school. The publication contains information on a variety of subjects including the number of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, and graduates, in addition to educational attainment, finances, federal funds for education, employment and income of graduates, libraries, and international education.

The Clinton administration’s proposed national service program for college students receiving federal financial aid is examined from a labor-market perspective. The author proposes that national service and higher education be linked more formally than in the current proposal, avoiding considerable bureaucracy and potentially improving program quality.

Researchers disagree on the impact of student financial aid, with the major research traditions in education, sociology, and economics providing conflicting results. The purpose of this research was to develop and test an institutional model to measure the effect of student aid. A comprehensive theoretical model of student matriculation that examined first-time attendance, within-year persistence, and year-to-year persistence of the entering class at an urban public university was created.

A study of 6,644 applicants to one public university found, contrary to expectation, negative associations between certain types of student aid and first-time enrollment, as well as between amount of aid and first-time enrollment. Inadequate amounts of aid to promote attendance is suggested as an explanation. Additional research at the institution level on how applicants respond to aid awards is recommended.

The article describes an econometric model that allows any institution to study the effect of financial aid and other variables on within-year persistence of college students. The article concludes that the total amount of aid and the amounts of grants and loans received are significant in promoting persistence

This study of applicants to an urban public university investigated the effect of scholarship size on attendance and persistence, the impact of scholarship students on the school, and the potential effects of different distributions of scholarship funds. Results suggest institutions using large scholarships should examine yield and persistence rates.

Historically, colleges and universities have lacked models for sytematically assessing the impact of their financial aid strategies on the enrollment decisions of admitted applicants. This study tests a model for assessing the impact of aid offers on enrollment decisions. The analysis demonstrates that financial aid strategies have a substantial influence on enrollment, and the systematic analysis of student enrollment decisions can help institutional administrators refine their financing decisions.

A survey of 1,720 second-year undergraduates at the University of Brighton (England) gathered basic demographic information and data on their financial status, including the form(s) of student financial aid applied for and awarded, parent contributions and other income sources, housing, transportation, and school and other costs.

This annual report provides a variety of information about the state of higher education in South Dakota. The bulk of the report consists of tables and charts that summarize the higher education system including the state universities, admission requirements, financial aid programs, and degree information, among other topics.

The federal government has had a small role in financing education since the adoption of the Constitution. The federal politics of education should be studied because such study illustrates and furthers conceptual analysis, and can lead to more informed decision-making.

This paper explores the need for a better understanding of the influences of prices and student aid on student enrollment and college budgets. Based on a critical review of recent research on student price response, this paper develops an alternative approach to assessing the effects of prices and student aid. Analysis of the effects of student aid indicates that there is not a universal relationship between aid and first-time enrollment and persistence.

This study used price-response measures from recent national studies to assess college and university pricing (tuition and student aid) alternatives in diverse institutional settings. It concludes that such analyses are feasible.

This analysis critically examines the cost controversy in higher education with an eye to resolving the crisis which is currently serving to exacerbate public willingness to fund higher education. The author examines the federal role in pricing, promoting productivity, and the concept of student aid as investment. The article also presents a reconstruction of the models typically used to assess financial strategies in higher education by first critically examining four common theories and then proposing a reconstructed model for assessing financial strategy.

This digest of a full report of the same title critically examines the cost controversy in higher education to better understand the types of financial strategies that can help resolve the crisis in college costs.

Analysis of final college major choice by 3,893 students of the high school class of 1980 found that major choice was influenced by social background, high school achievement, high school major choice, and college, and that debt burden was not significantly associated with major choice.

This study analyzed the impact of college tuition and student aid changes in the 1980s on enrollment, using price-response measures to examine why total enrollment remained stable while low-income enrollment declined. The technique is found to be useful for explaining the consequences of price policy choices.

The 1987 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study was used to compare four alternative approaches for assessing the influence of price subsidies on within-year persistence by graduate students. Conclusions include the following: tuition charge has a substantial negative influence on persistence; and comprehensive packages (grants, loans, plus assistantships) are the most effective means of subsidizing costs.

This study reviews higher education assumptions of traditional net-price theory. Results suggest that within-year persistence decisions made by students from all income groups are more sensitive to tuition charges than to student aid. Implications for pricing strategies and research are discussed.

This article examines the influence of tuition charges and the amounts of grants, loans, and work awarded on within-year persistence by adult undergraduate students enrolled in public and private four-year colleges. The findings include the following: adult undergraduates are more likely to be from disadvantaged backgrounds than traditional college-age students; adult undergraduates seem to be more responsive to tuition charges than traditional college-age students; and adults enrolled in public colleges are more sensitive to tuition charges than those enrolled in private colleges.

This study assesses the impact of tuition increases and the amount of student aid awards on the academic persistence of traditional college students. Results suggest that these students are sensitive to tuition changes and that available grants are unable to mitigate the negative impact of tuition increases on persistence.

A study compared approaches to assessing the influence of student financial aid on the within-year persistence of traditional college students. Results indicated that models including tuition were better predictors of persistence, that use of multiple approaches provided more insight into policy’s role, and that tuition charges had a consistent negative influence on persistence.

This publication contains data on State University of New York (SUNY) trends in tuition and other basic student charges for the past 30 years and typical student costs from 1980-81 through 1993-94.

This report presents trend data for institutions of the State University of New York (SUNY) system for fixed and variable charges that are required of all full-time students, including tuition, college fees, activity fees, room and board, and supplies and other costs.

The author asserts that although minority groups have made progress in educational attainment, they still face barriers to higher education. The study reviews statistical data from two national studies. Findings indicate that, once background characteristics are held constant, minority parents make as much, if not more, effort to save money and support their children as do white parents.

Promoters of the Fiesta Football Bowl offered the universities of Alabama and Louisville $400,000 each to fund minority-exclusive scholarships. The Department of Education declared minority-exclusive scholarships illegal. This article documents the historically uneasy relationship between race-based scholarships and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

This 1993 study of student charges at four-year public colleges and universities examined tuition and fees, room and board, and first professional program charges. The study used data compiled by the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) and the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grand Colleges (NASULGC) in an annual survey of member institutions. The analysis found that, though student charges continue to rise, the rate of increase for tuition and fees has returned to the level it held throughout most of the 1980s.

This report examines student charges at public, four-year institutions throughout the United States based on the responses from a survey of 513 responding institutions. Statistical data are presented in the appendix comprising nearly the entire report. Major findings include the following: the overall Fall 1992 resident undergraduate tuition and fees increased by 10.4 percent—down from the 13.6 percent increase experienced in Fall 1991; graduate tuition and fees for residents increased by 11.7 percent; and room and board charges increased 4.7 percent between 1991 and 1992, down from the 6.0 percent increase between Fall 1990 and Fall 1991. The largest increases in tuition and fees were experienced in California, Puerto Rico, New York, Texas, and Montana.

This report examines the individuals who were enrolled in postsecondary school during the 1990-1991 school year and the costs and financing of their education. The report examines patterns of school enrollment, education costs, financial aid, and the associated characteristics of postsecondary students in the U.S.. The tabulations show the numbers of high school graduates enrolled in postsecondary institutions by a variety of demographic, social, and economic characteristics.

This report of statistical data concerning Texas institutions of higher education begins with a list of the institutions, including public universities, public health-related institutions, public community colleges, the public technical college system, independent senior colleges and universities, independent health-related institutions, and independent junior colleges.

Charts and graphs present data on changes in FY 1996 funding for the Department of Education and other federal agencies, and tables report dollar amounts of FY 1995 actual spending, fiscal 1996 estimated expenses, and FY 1996 requested aid for student assistance, graduate support, institutional assistance, research, and other purposes.

This discussion of rising costs in dental education looks at changes in funding of higher education and dental education, escalating student debt and its influence on enrollment, the need to re-conceptualize dental school costs and finances, changing revenue sources, cost containment, and the social consequences of increasing costs and debt.

Federal constitutional, statutory, and case law dealing with minority-targeted scholarships and admissions are reviewed. Applicable laws and standards, admission and scholarship procedures, affirmative action, and holistic assessments are discussed. The article concludes that many existing affirmative action programs may violate the Fourteenth Amendment or the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

A federal court decision, Podberesky vs. Kirwin, in which a University of Maryland scholarship program targeting African-American students was found to be racially discriminatory, is a cause for concern because of heightened federal pressure to desegregate colleges and because of its possible implications for other state universities.

This study compared the accuracy of first-year college students’ self-reported information about financial aid awards with actual data on the types and amounts of the awards. Students’ reports of specific aid awards and amounts were often inaccurate, suggesting aid administrators could come to different conclusions when relying on different sources.

This article discusses the business of higher education where, shielded by laws, traditions, and folkways, college costs have risen without regard to productivity. The author looks at how some schools are offering tuition at bargain rates to attract students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate specific changes made to the federal need analysis formula between aid years 1992 and 1993. The subjects examined were 1992 financial aid applicants at Iowa State University. The study suggested an increasing trend toward higher unmet student need and lower federal Pell Grant awards. As resources become more scarce, these results have strong implications for campus based aid policy decisions.

A nationwide increase has occurred in the number of nontraditional age students (25 years of age and older) enrolled in institutions of higher education. Multifaceted issues pertaining to persistence in this older student subgroup require that counselors, student personnel specialists, and postsecondary institutions acknowledge, understand, and more adequately accommodate this diverse student population.

This report presents findings and recommendations resulting from a study of the costs and benefits of a Department of Education policy of encouraging lenders of student loans to grant forbearances to borrowers who experience temporary financial hardship but do not satisfy the specific conditions required for government-prescribed deferments. The study concludes that the use of forbearances saves the public far more than the cost of granting them. The report recommends that the Department of Education continue its policy of encouraging the broad use of forbearances on the basis that it is sound on both economic and humanitarian grounds.

The Utah system of higher education data book for 1994-95 offers an executive summary and 12 sections of supporting data and information. The data book includes information on: the increased importance of student financial aid as costs have increased faster than family income; the decline in the percentage of state funds allocated to higher education; and the existence of faculty and staff compensation gaps when compared to comparison institutions.

Data from three national databases were used to investigate the relationship between college student characteristics and college characteristics and patterns in loan repayment and default. Analysis suggested that repayment/default behavior can be predicted by pre-college, college, and post-college characteristics of individual borrowers but not by college type.

This study addressed the question of whether student loan repayment and default behaviors are more highly related to the characteristics of the college attended or to the characteristics of the aid recipient. Analysis found no support for the hypothesis that institutional characteristics have an impact on student loan default. Default behavior could, however, be substantially predicted by borrower characteristics. These included race, marital status, college major, grade point average, highest earned degree, and taxable income.

Inadequate financial support for higher education is not due to a poor economy or lack of tax dollars, but to the low priority given to higher education by state legislatures. The issue at state and institutional levels is not low or high tuition but finding a planning model that integrates tuition income, tax support, and student aid.

Social and economic changes in recent decades have meant significant changes in the mission, quality, and cost of public colleges. As a result, an elite public higher education structure is emerging. A major overhaul of public higher education’s economic policies and financial strategies is needed if it is to become affordable again.

This paper presents an overview of student financial aid in Washington State, reports trends in college costs and state population, and explores the relationship between student aid and broader higher education policies. The report concludes with a summary of policy recommendations for each financial aid program so that the state can address the future educational needs of its population with adequate funding levels.

This report supplies information on Washington State’s ranking, compared to national data, concerning measures of aggregate state support for higher education during 1990-91. The report reveals that Washington’s higher education tax appropriations either held constant or increased slightly for the period of the 1980’s. Enrollments held constant in public institutions due to enrollment ceilings which maintained the level of appropriations per full-time equivalent student. Since 1988-89, reports indicate an improved ranking for Washington in appropriation per student, while measures of participation rates have indicated a decrease in ranking or little or no change.

This staff report on unserved students (students who commit to attend but do not enroll at a college or university) focuses on whether adequate financial resources could be a reason for their non-attendance. The study found that un-enrolled aid applicants were generally older than actual aid recipients, interested in or qualified to attend a community or technical college at the freshman level, had a family income under $25,000, were independent with children, and were more likely to be female.

This report presents legislative background information and reports the conclusions and recommendations of the task force. The task force concludes that State Work Study (SWS) positions which are comparable to positions classified by the Higher Education Personnel Board (HEPB) must be paid the HEPB-established wage rate.

Previous econometric studies of the relationship between undergraduate debt and post-baccalaureate activity generally do not find an inverse relationship between debt and activity. The multi-equation model developed in this article shows that an increase in expected educational debt significantly reduces the probability that a student expects to enroll in a graduate program. Whether debt is expected or actual has little bearing on this decision.

This monograph reviews the role of the states in federal student loan programs since the inception of the Guaranteed Student Loan Program under Title IV, Part B of the Higher Education Act of 1965. The authors urge policy makers to consider the following issues: (1) impact on average indebtedness; (2) unanticipated program demand; and (3) vulnerability to subsequent, unwanted change.

The Ontario Student Loan Program has experienced problems with default on student loans, as have loan systems in other countries where governments rely mainly on banks and special departments of quasi-public institutions to monitor or police the borrowers. This report discusses the need for radical modifications of the student loan program.

A study of 1,012 college freshmen admitted through a developmental studies program and offered employment through a highly structured program of up to eight work hours per week found that those taking maximum advantage of the work opportunity had higher achievement and retention rates than others. Differences by race and gender, and student perceptions are examined.

It is estimated that 35% of women veterans of World War II used some part of the benefits of the G.I. Bill, compared to 41% of men. Social factors (expectations and role perceptions), lack of knowledge of eligibility, and some discriminatory provisions may have kept women from taking greater advantage.

Using data from an Australian longitudinal survey, this study investigated the relationship between part-time employment and the decisions to pursue higher education and to persist after the first year. Results show employment was not critical to persistence. However, employment during secondary school reduced the likelihood of college attendance for girls.

Intended for gifted students and their parents from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, this monograph provides guidance on preparing for college, including the college search process, college application, and applying for financial aid.

An evaluative study of the Department of Education’s system of internal accounting controls over the Federal Family Education Loan Program is described. The study evaluated the structure of the program with respect to the role of guaranty agencies, and the Department’s ability to oversee the program and implement corrective actions. The study found that there are material weaknesses in the Department’s ability to obtain accurate and reliable data on the loan program, that there is inadequate oversight of guaranty agencies and lenders.

This publication offers information by region on state and other repayment, forgiveness, and scholarship programs for medical students. Each section offers fact sheets on the programs offered by the states in one of four regions: central, northeast, southern, and western.

This study examined equity in the distribution of student financial aid for college undergraduates, focusing on three main factors: economic, demographic, and institutional. Descriptive statistics were used, with samples drawn from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Surveys. Findings indicated that the distribution of student financial aid became much less equitable between the academic years 1986-87 and 1989-90.

This article analyzes Congress’ decision to substitute direct federal loans for federal guarantee of private loans for postsecondary education. The authors argue that budget savings were overestimated because credit risks, recognition of administrative costs, and increases in administrative and borrowing costs were ignored. Savings could have been achieved by reducing returns to private lenders and reducing loan volume.

The Student Loan Marketing Association (Sallie Mae) and the Clinton Administration are preparing legislation to transform the federally-sponsored corporation into a private business, but must first negotiate complex political and financial issues. Destabilization of the private student-loan industry and conflict over direct lending policies are central issues discussed in the article.

Educators in many state prisons feel the Congressional ban on awarding Federal Pell Grants to prisoners has denied prisoners access to college education and to significant rehabilitation opportunities. Most prisoners cannot afford tuition without this primary source of financial aid.

In this article the author criticizes proposed changes in federal regulations concerning the accreditation process and the standards used for awarding federal student aid funds. The author argues that they increase potential for bureaucratic interference. A major concern is the accuracy of data on which bureaucratic decisions are made.

Colleges risk losing eligibility for government student loan programs because of tightened loan repayment requirements for participating institutions. Economic factors and some data-processing errors are blamed for high student default rates. Default rates are charted by state, lender, institution type, and guarantee agency.